Psychology Is The Study Of The Mind And Behavior - 1389 Words

Psychology is the study of the mind and behaviour. Since Psychology first emerged there has been ,many differing schools of Psychology each with different theories in which to understand human behaviour. In this essay I will explain the four major schools of psychology including psychoanalysis, behaviourism, biological and cognitive, and the major influences behind each such as Freud. Psychoanalysis is a school of thought first developed by Sigmeund Freud(1856-1939) one of the most influential psychologists to date. Although Psychoanalysis has been developed over years since Freud’s death mainly by Erik Erikson, there are still key elements which remain the same. Freud’s approach to the human mind mainly focused on the unconscious†¦show more content†¦The id develops as a newborn baby and is driven by the libido and aggression, linked to psycho sexual development. The id is unconscious it is not driven by morality or logic and therefore must be satisfied immediately . The id receives gratification based purely on pleasure with no thought for consequences. The ego; is learned at a later stage around four years old. The ego brings more reasoning to our behaviour. The ego still intends to satisfy the ids needs however without consequences. The ego looks more at societies â€Å"norms† and influences from others in . â€Å"like a ma n on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse (S. Freud,The ego and the id, SE, 1923, p.15). The ego therefore is trying to control the powerful id. The superego; is the last part of our behaviour to develop. The superego attempts to suppress the desires of the id, the superego focuses primarily on perfect ideals of morality instead of realism in dealing with desires and aggressions. Psychoanalytic therapy looks at the unconscious mind and how repressed memories and thoughts can become present in behaviour. In psychotherapy people mainly talk to a psychotherapist or psychologist however music or other arts can be used. Psychotherapy can be used to treat depressions, drug abuse, anxiety disorders and many others. There are many strengths and weaknesses in psychoanalysis some key strengths in psychoanalysis are that Freud brought

The Movies Badlands ( 1973 ) And Days Of Heaven - 1212 Words

The movies Badlands (1973) and Days of Heaven (1978) are both directed by the acclaimed movie maker Terrence Malick. Both of these films have been deemed culturally significant by the Library of Congress and have been inducted in 1993 and 2007 respectively. The basis of this paper is to take these two movies and shed some light behind their creator’s process. The justification for this analysis is to prove with examples that Terrence Malick is an example of an auteur. Through the use of mise en scene, sound, and editing it can be seen that the two films in question are decidedly of a certain style that is unique to Terrence. Beginning with the mise en scene components incorporated in Badlands, it is shown throughout that Terrence Malick really enjoys nice natural light for the majority of his shots. Of course this goes hand in hand with the majority of the film taking place either outdoors, or inside of a car. Whether it be inside or out the sun does most of the job in that de partment. Now, dissecting the components behind the wardrobes, Kit’s denim jacket and jeans really define him. The reason why Terrence made that choice for what he wore is obvious. The outfit is extremely symbolic of the location where the film takes place. Kit himself even says at one point that he has the leather boots to appear like more of a cowboy. Being located in the Midwest at the time makes this quite appropriate. Holly wears multiple outfits, one of them being a yellow blouse and dress. This

Ethics Of The Tobacco Industry Essays - 1022 Words

Ethics of the Tobacco Industry The tobacco industry is a very unethical industry, due to the long term effects of tobacco on humans. The industry also does not assess the ethical and social responsibility the best way that it should. There are many factors that make the industry unethical; some of the reasons are the way the cigarette companies around the world Advertise, the way governments and cigarette companies make a huge profit from the sales of cigarettes, and the labeling health risks. I do believe however that there is something that the tobacco companies can do to better their strategy as far as their ethics go. I think that they should, always be looking for the best interest on their consumers, as well as advertise strictly†¦show more content†¦This problem of creating a trendy stylish image of cigarettes are hurting many people by recruiting new young smokers from all around the world, winning over sales due to the false image and then addiction. Third world cou ntries are hurt the most by this unethical way of advertising because they don’t have money for this extra expense that they now need due to addiction. Critics claim that sophisticated promotions in a unsophisticated societies entice people who cannot afford the necessities of life to spend money on luxury- and a dangerous one at that. Every cigarette manufacturer is in the image business, and tobacco companies say their promotional slant is both reasonable and common. They point out that in the Third World a lot of people cannot understand what is written in the ads anyway, so the ads zero in on the more understandable visual image. Due to actions such as this and the negative effect it has on people economically and physically, this is a good example of how the tobacco industry is unethical. Another source of concern is the tar and nicotine contest of cigarettes. A 1979 study found three major US brands with filters had 17 milligrams of tar in the US, 22.3 in Kenya, 29.7 in Malaysia, and 31.1 in South Africa. Another brand with filters had 19.1 milligrams of tar in the US, 28.8 in SouthShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues Of The Tobacco Industry879 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed to stop tobacco companies from advertising their products in India. As you can imagine this did not sit well with many. There are always people on both sides of the fence when it comes to these bans. Managers face many ethical challenges. Most companies have a code of ethics they must follow. In this case analysis we are going to be looking at the ethical issues and challenges Managers in the tobacco industry in India face as well as the pros and cons of banning tobacco advertising. WhenRead MoreEthics And Public Relations : How People View Right And Wrong, Good And Bad1337 Words   |  6 PagesBreit argues, ‘Ethics affect how people view right and wrong, good and bad, what is responsible and the effectiveness of accountability’. Discuss why public relations has operated with a ‘thin’ understanding of ethics in the twentieth century and how this caused complex problems for society. Are there alternative ethical approaches that could be used in public relations that would remedy this? Discuss using the relevant theoretical perspectives covered in Topics 1 and 2. During the twentieth centuryRead MoreAmericas Smoke Screen-Portion Essays1168 Words   |  5 Pages This paper will examine the history of the tobacco industry and its advertising campaigns from the 1920s to the present. Some of the issues discussed in this paper will include: What forms of mass communication has tobacco companies used to persuade the public, how changes in technology have influenced the way tobacco companies communicate with target audiences, and how the United States government restrictions affect the current efforts of tobacco companies advertising strategies. Other topicsRead MoreScientific Method and Research Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesalso lead to other research studies in the future. 4. Discuss the issue of ethics and social research (Give examples to support how research could be harmful to human life. Ethics require explicit standards – simplified, in order to have ethics one needs to know the distinction between right and wrong. Fundamental principles are used while conducting any type of research; these are referred to as the â€Å"Code of Ethics†. This code was formed and pieced together in 1971. This code was assembledRead MoreEthical Issues for Advertising Tobacco Products Across1129 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues for advertising tobacco products across borders. A case for Social Contract Theory Question 1: How can SCT and ISCT address the controversial nature of advertising and promoting cigarettes across international borders? Base on the case study, The Social Contract Theory  (SCT) generates a workable framework for solving ethical issues: * Sets main principles relevant to the organization in question * Recommends different principles for different communities * DeterminesRead MoreThe Ethics of Tobacco Advertisement1738 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Simer Professor M. Harutunian English 101 21 September 2011 The Ethics of Tobacco Advertising Can one limit what is advertised? Who is to say whether cigarette advertising is ethical? There have been many bans on tobacco advertising. There is a notion that advertising cigarettes is unethical because society has claimed it to be. Smoking has been one of the biggest parts of advertising for decades. Doctors would promote certain cigarettes. Many believed cigarette smoking to be a way to relieveRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesUnit 4 Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India I remembered years ago the California Supreme Courts forced RJ Reynolds to remove their mascot, Joe Camel from all its products. RJ Reynolds would argue that this advertising had nothing to do with selling cigarettes or marketing to minors. This is not a new concept for California, as early as the 1920’s Hollywood has glamorized smoking. It is clear, the direction that the tobacco companies wanted to have a say. The tobacco companies paidRead MoreShould Tobacco Advertising Be Banned?897 Words   |  4 Pageshealth hazard that arises from tobacco, I am of the opinion that tobacco advertising be ban completely in Indian. Ethics is a system of moral principles governing the appropriate conduct of a person or a group. It is a way of being human and having a feeling of compassion, sympathy or regard for others the way we have for ourselves. There is this famous saying of Abraham Lincoln â€Å"When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad. That’s my religion.† Managers of tobacco companies cannot pretend theyRead MoreShould Tobacco Advertising Be Banned? Essay897 Words   |  4 Pageshealth hazard that arises from tobacco, I am of the opinion that tobacco advertising be ban completely in Indian. Ethics is a system of moral principles governing the appropriate conduct of a person or a group. It is a way of being human and having a feeling of compassion, sympathy or regard for others the way we have for ourselves. There is this famous saying of Abraham Lincoln â€Å"When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad. That’s my religion.† Managers of tobacco companies cannot pretend theyRead MoreThe Argument Against Ban On Tobacco Related Advertising850 Words   |  4 PagesWRITTEN ASSIGNMENT: UNIT 4 – ETHICS CASE STUDY The arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco related advertising in India are plentiful. First, proponents of the ban assert that the state has the right to intervene in the name of public health. Second, there are other precedents for dangerous or potentially dangerous products’ advertising being restricted such as firearms or pharmaceuticals. Third, tobacco related deaths are projected to increase over the next few years and we need to take action

Essay on Significant Decision in Our Daily Lives - 720 Words

The average human makes about 612 decisions a day, 4,900 a week, and 254,800 a year. At the end of it all, we rarely can recall any decision that has changed us in a significant way. I’ll name two. The first time happened in the second grade, when I decided to pick up a Baby-sitter’s Little Sister’s book in Finley Elementary School’s small and colorful library. It was a spinoff series from the actual Baby-sitter’s Club series and was not, I now admit, the best piece of literature. I was rather surprised at myself, since I barely knew how to read and I didn’t like books. I don’t know how I came to dislike books, but it probably had to do with my sister reading so many books instead of playing with me. I had even written in my Hello Kitty†¦show more content†¦I auditioned for the cymbal line and, unexpectedly, made it in. My life after that was something like an adventure. There are those archetypical storylines in adventure books where the hero enters this new world, trains, meets new people, makes enemies, and succeeds in their ultimate goal all the while growing as a person and acquiring self-knowledge. Well, that was what dru mline turned my life into, without the fate of the world resting on my shoulders, of course. Through drumline, I discovered the world of competitive marching band, marching percussion, and guard. These circuits felt like a secret underground society with its own sets of values and rules. I was amazed and excited to be part of it. Drumline also introduced me to about 75 percent of the people I know. Bands from other schools, instructors, and fellow classmates all bonded over this shared experience. In fact, my close friends are all in the music program. That being said, Drumline was not all fun and games, it was a commitment. I sacrificed hours, weekends, summer, and so much more to make this experience worthwhile. However, spending that much time with people, there’s bound to be some conflict. Since drumline attracted a very diverse group of people, I worked with members who I normally would associate with. There were â€Å"delinquents†, associated student body members , honor roll students, and wild kids. I was very much out of myShow MoreRelatedExamples of Macro and Micro Economics840 Words   |  4 Pagesproper distribution, allotment, production and consumption of resources. Economics has been divided into two significant branches; one of it being the microeconomics and the other one being the macroeconomics. Microeconomics can be easily understood through the term micro itself which means small, microeconomics focuses on small level that is to say it includes areas of individual decision making and its core components include production, exchange, distribution and consumption. Macroeconomics onRead More Taken from Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoddard775 Words   |  4 Pagescan be drawn from the very first lines of Hamlet itself, â€Å"Who’s there?† During the play Hamlet and RG Are Dead, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are continually mixed up, leaving the audience guessing who is who. Stoppard uses this to make us question our own identity, making us ask â€Å"What makes one themselves?† Is it their face? Or maybe their name? These two factors are what distinguish us from others around us and have since birth. But does one consider their identity to be what they look like or theRead MoreThe Ship Has Full Authority1179 Words   |  5 Pagesinaction represents a violation of orders. The Captain of the ship has full authority to make this decision. Therefore, any action taken is consistent with standing or special orders that mandate or prohibit actions. There are several matters that need to be addressed in deciding a course of action. The first is what decision needs to be made? Based on the information at hand, the decision is whether or not to render assistance to the personnel in the water from the sunken vessel. If thisRead MoreJournalism Has Significant Impact On Politics955 Words   |  4 PagesJournalism has significant impact on politics According to Wikipedia, â€Å"journalism is gathering, processing, and dissemination of news, and information related to news, to an audience. The word applies to the method of inquiring for news, the literary style which is used to disseminate it, and the activity (professional or not) of journalism.† In our daily life, journalism plays a very important role in spreading the news or information about any kind of topic. When journalists, reporters or writersRead MoreProfessional Athletes842 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public. Kobe Bryant makes more than a yearly teacher salary by making a single basket. Doctors and surgeons make life saving decisions every day and make significantly less than a rookie in a professional sport. An average professional athlete makes two million six hundred thousand dollars more than the president of the United States who makes critical decisions for our country. We have millions of people in poverty, while these athletes are making so much money, majority of the time they don’tRead MoreEconomics and the Effects on Our Society Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesand the Effects on Our Society Post University Maria Krug BUS501 January 13, 2013 Economics and the Effects on Our Society A crucial topic of discussion that we hear among our fellow co-workers, family, friends, or colleagues is how the economy is affecting our daily activities of living. When stating this, there is much debate and question as to how our money is valued and the effects it poses on various aspects of our purchases and savingsRead MoreThe Between God And The People Of Israel1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe covenant is one of the most significant elements of Judaism for contemporary Jewish adherents, as it expresses the ongoing reciprocal relationship between God and the people of Israel. The covenant governs and regulates all aspects of Jewish life, and is recorded as a series of arguments between God and Jewish adherents. Promised the land of Canna, blamelessness and many descendants if he lived in the presence of God, Abraham, the ‘father of the Jewish people’ and first patriarch to enter a covenantRead MoreThe Physics Of Mechanical Engineering961 Words   |  4 PagesIn our daily life we face challenges that we can relate to mechanical engineering, one of the common examples is the temperature in metal, which is the thermal expansion. Mechanical engineers use combination of material, human and economic resources to develop mechanical solutions that help satisfy the needs and wants of society. They must be confident and accurate when making decisions. Engineers try to look at the problems in the society and come with innovative ideas in order to solve the difficultiesRead MoreBiological Factors Affecting Decision Making Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBiological Factors affecting decision we made. There are many of factors influencing your decision making process either in a positive or a negative way. In addition to what is already determined by your genes, according to various sources the following biological and psychological factors play an important role. Biological factors ï‚ § Nutrition is essential for organs to develop (building material), but also to let it operate (fuel). On average, as much as 25% of all energy a human daily takes in with one’sRead MoreExecutive Director1448 Words   |  6 Pagesbe with them. Therefore, in every day of my life, the Holy Spirit plays a crucial role in my personal, business and Christian life. This paper thus discusses the works of the Holy Spirit in my daily life. Upon reading God’s word, there is a revelation that the Holy Spirit convicts us in our day to day lives. In this respect, the Holy Spirit acts as an agent who convicts all Christians of their sins. In this work of the Holy Spirit, the Christians are brought to the awareness of personal sins and

Detecting Financial Statement Fraud The Collapse Of...

Detecting Financial Statement Fraud The dramatic collapse of Enron Corporation, following the series of disclosures of accounting improprieties, leads to questions regarding the soundness of accounting and financial reporting standards, and contributing factors to financial statement fraud. One question relates to important internal controls ignored in the creation of special purpose entities such as LJM1 by Enron. Another question relates to how Enron’s harsh Performance Review Committee might have aided company executives in committing fraud. Further, there are questions regarding how the external auditors could have missed catching the Financial Statement fraud, and the potential need for changes related to generally accepted auditing standards to improve identification of financial statement frauds. This paper attempts to answer these questions by examining the financial reporting issues that contributed to Enron s most significant accounting restatements, and some f actors that could explain why the falsifying of financial statements is occurring frequently. Finally, included is an examination of the lack of clarity in the financial reporting, and prospective regarding indictors that serve as a red flag for the financial statement fraud at Enron, and methods for auditors in detecting fraud revenue and other fraud schemes. Special Purpose Entities Issues Consolidation Rules Many of the accounting and financial reporting issues related to Enron dealt withShow MoreRelatedThe Enron Scandal Of Enron1052 Words   |  5 Pagesaccounting firms have long played a role in convincing the public the authenticity of the corporates’ financial statements. However, the public started to become skeptical about accountants’ reliability when the Enron scandal occurred. In October 2001, SEC started an investigation against Enron for improper accounting practice. According Sherron S. Watkins, the former vice president for corporate development, Enron failed to disclose complicated deals with its partnerships to inflate the stock price. In aRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Relate Your Answer to the Primary Role of External Auditors. Give Examples of Specific Ways the Lack of Auditor Independence May Impact Adversely on an Audit.1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthat had shaken t he whole business world. The crash of Enron in US, followed by worldwide collapse of its auditor, Arthur Andersen. It was a greatest corporate failure uncovered in business history. Follow the Enron-Andersen scandal, massive organizations like WorldCom, Xerox and Waste Management confront a similar fate. The debate rested on the issue of audit independence , that is found to be one of the major contributors to crashes like Enron. It is explained that the impact of lack of audit independenceRead MoreIssues in Auditing and Professional Practice5740 Words   |  23 Pages2: (Chapter 12 â€Å"Fraud prevention and detection- further guidance†, p158 Question 3) Explain the role internal controls and code of conduct play in preventing and detecting fraud. How effective are internal controls and codes of conduct in preventing and detecting fraud? Explain your answer. Question 3: (Chapter 14 â€Å"Audit Committees: Effectiveness and diligence†, p187 Question 4) Discuss the following: â€Å"If one aspect of the three- legged stool is ineffective, financial statements will cease to beRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Relate Your Answer to the Primary Role of External Auditors. Give Examples of Specific Ways the Lack of Auditor Independence May Impact Adversely on an Audit.1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthat had shaken the whole business world. The crash of Enron in US, followed by worldwide collapse of its auditor, Arthur Andersen. It was a greatest corporate failure uncovered in business history. Follow the Enron-Andersen scandal, massive organizations like WorldCom, Xerox and Waste Management confront a similar fate. The debate rested on the issue of audit independence , that is found to be one of the major contributors to crashes like Enron. It is explained that the impact of lack of audit independenceRead MoreCase Study : Accounting Information Systems3399 Words   |  14 PagesAssignment 3: Fraud in AIS Kimberly Carulli ACC 564: Accounting Information Systems Strayer University Professor Alfred Amuzu June 15, 2015 â€Æ' Introduction to the firm Koss Corporation is a well known American based firm that also design and manufacture headphones. The firm was incorporated in 1953 by John C. Koss. The firm was primarily known as J. C. Koss Hospital Television Rental Company. After that the CEO starts looking for more boosting ideas and he jointly with Martin Lange developed a stereoRead MoreCorporate Malfeasance : Global Recession And The Occupy Wall Street Movement2110 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate malfeasance has earned a place among the defining themes of the last decade and a half, helping to give birth to the global recession and the Occupy Wall Street movement. Enron, a Houston based commodities, energy, and service corporation, created arguably one of the worst scandals of the past two decades. Due to reporting tactics implemented by Chief Executive Officer Ken Law and Chief Executive Officer Jeff Skilling, which hid huge debts from the company’s balance sheet, the company filedRead MoreAgency And Stakeholder Theo ries To The Enron Debacle6344 Words   |  26 PagesBusiness and Society Review 110:1 59– 76 Applying the Agency and Stakeholder Theories to the Enron Debacle: An Ethical Perspective Blackwell Oxford, Business BASR  © 0045-3609 O 1 110 BUSINESS CULPAN riginal 2004 Center UK Article and and Publishing, and TRUSSEL Society for SOCIETY Business Ltd. Review REVIEW Ethics at Bentley College REFIK CULPAN AND JOHN TRUSSEL INTRODUCTION W e examine the infamous Enron debacle from an ethical perspective by deï ¬ ning its theoretical underpinnings and analyzingRead MoreCase Study Enron Scandal5642 Words   |  23 PagesCASE 3 Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse Once upon a time, there was a gleaming headquarters office tower in Houston, with a giant Tilted ―Eâ€â€" in front, slowly revolving in the Texas sun. Enron‘s suggested to Chinese feng shui practitioner Meihwa Lin a model of instability, which was perhaps an omen of things to come. The Enron Corporation, which once ranked among the top Fortune 500 companies, collapsed in 2001 under a mountain of debt that had been concealed through a complex schemeRead MoreWhy The Creative Accounting Is Important Factors Essay2581 Words   |  11 PagesFinancial reports are one of the most important factors on evaluating whether an organisation has met its objectives and goals, and also has satisfied its directors, lenders, and other stakeholders. Although the relevant accounting and financial standards, regulations, and frameworks are established for the fair and reliable presentation of financial reports, there are still fraud issues from manipulating financial information. Due to t he recent global economic crisis, corporates tend to use creativeRead MoreCan Corporate Governance Mechanism Prevent Corporate Fraud?2996 Words   |  12 PagesCORPORATE GOVERNANCE ESSAY Can Corporate Governance Mechanism Prevent Corporate Fraud? Executive Summary This paper will reviews the extent to which corporate governance acts as efficient tool to protect investors against corporate fraud, thus contributing to summarize the literatures on role of corporate governance on preventing occurrence of corporate fraud. In a more recent study, corporate fraud is part of earnings manipulation done outside the law and standards. Whereas, the activities

Organizational Behavior Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for Business Environment. Answer: Introduction Organizational behavior entails the study of people, individuals and groups act in a business environment. It tries to explore how humans behave regarding the organization and also how people behave with others. It interprets the relationship between the whole group, organization or the entire social system (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2010). Organizational behavior is a field that every business organization should consider since helps build healthy relationships through achieving the personal objectives, those of the organization and the whole social goals. Some of these aspects in the organizational behavior include organizational commitment, employee engagement, and employee commitment (Robbins, 2016). These three aspects are important, and every organization should work to ensure that they have a strategy that provides their positivity because they greatly contribute and determine the employee productivity thus the organizational profitability (Cuyper et al., 2009) Organizational Commitment, Employee Engagement, and Employee Performance Organizational commitment refers to the extent to which an employee feels committed to the organization. It plays an important role in determining if the employee will be able to stay around to achieve the organizational goals and targets or the employee will leave the organization. Organizational commitment can predict some aspects in a given employee such as the employees turnover and performance (Waddell et al., 2017). There are three main types of organizational commitment that are important for consideration by every business organization. These are an affective commitment (job affection), continuance commitment (fear for loss) and normative commitment (obligation to stay) (Ahmad Oranye, 2010). Firstly, regarding affection commitment, the employee develops an emotional feeling of being attached to the organization and affection to work for it. An employee with this type of commitment identifies the organizational values and goals and genuinely feels to belong to the company. Increased job satisfaction increases the employees affection commitment. Secondly, continuance commitment is a type of engagement where an employee sticks to the job because of fear of losing the job (Prideaux,2017). In this case, when the employee compares the loss and benefits derived from leaving the job and realized that the loss is bigger than the benefits that will be acquired. The loss can be a loss of money (salary), profession or skills or social losses. Continuance commitment increases with increase in age and experience (Whittington Galpin, 2010). The third type of organizational commitment is normative commitment. This is a type of commitment where an employee feels like he needs to be committed to the organization because they think they have an obligation to stay with the organization. In some cases, employees with normative commitment may not like to stay with an organization, but they feel they should just be there because it is a requirement (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). This type of commitment may arise in an employee because the organization invested money and time in them or other cases because the families at home have stressed to them that it is important for them to be loyal to the organization. Different types of employees can experience any of these organizational commitments. In some cases, the employee may experience one, two or all of the types of commitment at the same time (Duffy et al., 2012). It is important for organizations to consider increasing the employees affection commitment and reduce reliance on continuance and normative commitment to ensure that people feel passionate about their roles and not working as an obligation. Employees with only continuance and normative commitment are unmotivated and mostly feel bored with the job. (Leonaite et al., 2017). Positive organizational change can be achieved by connecting the goals of the employees and those of the organization. Leaders with good management skills are careful about their actions and hence reduce the dependency of an organization on normative and continuance commitment (Simpson, 2009). Organizational commitment works hand in hand with employee engagement. Employee engagement happens when an employee portrays interest in their jobs and shows the willingness to do more to achieve the results. An engaged employee understand the business environment and always works carefully to ensure that the organization gets a benefit. They portray affection and a lot of dedication for the job (Balzer Gillespie, 2007). Employee engagement is usually derived from the employees internal motivation. Employees usually get engaged through consistent of the values of the organization which could be through keeping promises or explanations why the company could not keep the promises. Therefore, organizations should avoid manipulating the commitment and emotions of the employees since this approach do not last (Bakker Demerouti, 2008). Six main elements drive employee engagement. The first element is work. The work should be meaningful to the employees and one that empowers them and has aligned processes. This will promote employee engagement (Osterwalder et al., 2014). Secondly, engagement of employees is promoted by the organizational system and practices which include policies and procedures and the company visions, values, mission and others. People can also promote employee engagement through inspiring leaders, respectful relationships and open communications (Scottish Executive Research, 2007). Also, employee engagement is promoted by opportunities which could be development through training and education. The fifth element is through rewards. Employee engagement increases when they receive rewards which can be recognition, bonuses, and benefits (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). Lastly, job life quality affects the employee commitment. Quality of life can be the physical environment of the employee, work climate, or i t may be work-life balance. Business organizations should consider these six factors since they have a direct influence on the employee engagement (Albdour Altarawneh, 2012). It is important for organizations to make attempts to measure employee engagement. This can be achieved through the use of frameworks for positive change such as Gallups Q12 tool. This tool is used to create transformations in the company for sustainable growth (Hakanen et al., 2008). Improving employee commitment is important since it improves their productivity and therefore the organization should put onboard appropriate strategy to improve employee commitment. Employee commitment is the state where an employee feels proud to be identified with an organization and loves their jobs, they willing to do extra miles in performing their tasks. Usually, the commitment of employees germinates from their engagement, and it defines the loyalty that employees have towards an organization (Goetsch Davis,2014). Committed employees are characterized by a significant desire to continue working for the organization, belief, and acceptance of the goals or values of the organization and willingness to walk extra miles for the benefit of the company (Meyer et al., 2007). Employees who are committed but not engaged are not beneficial to the organization, and it is important to ensure that employees get both motivated and engaged. There are many ways that an organization can use to increase employee commitment. Firstly, the company objectives should be clear to help the employees make day to day decisions in their jobs. Employees commitment can also be achieved through making them gain energy from work, and they, therefore, become more productive. It has also been observed that a challenging work environment can contribute to increased employee commitment. This is because the little sense of achievements gives them the joy of work and therefore wishes to stay longer to work for the organization (Andrew Sofian, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, organizational commitment, employee engagement and employee commitment are critical aspects of consideration in every organization since they determine the performance and profitability. The three aspects work hand in hand, and it is important that organizations ensure that the employees attain all of the three types. Organizational commitment defines the level to which employs feel committed to the organization which could be through affection for the organization, fear for loss or as an obligation to stay. Organizations should develop strategies that work to ensure that employees get committed to the organization. On the other hand, employee engagement defines the willingness of the employee to do the job and work more to achieve the goals. This increases the productivity of the employees. Lastly, employee commitment defines the extent to which an employee feels proud of the organization. It mostly germinates from employee engagement. Business organizations should de velop strategies to promote and encourage organizational commitment, employee engagement, and employee commitment. All these work together to get the best employee productivity. References Ahmad, N Oranye, N. O. (2010). "Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England." Journal of Nursing Management Albdour, A.A., I. Altarawneh (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Engagement in Jordan, International Journal of Business and Management IJBM, pp 7-16 Andrew, C.O., and S.Sofian (2012). Individual Factors and Work Outcomes of Employee, Proceedings-Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp 498-508. Bakker, A.B., and E. Demerouti (2008). Towards a Model of Work Engagement, Career Development International, pp 209-223 Balzer, W. K. Gillespie, J. Z. (2007). Job satisfaction. In Rogelberg, S. G. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of industrial and organizational psychology Boxall,P.F., Purcell,J. (2016). Strategy and human resource management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. De Cuyper, N, Notelaers, G, De Witte, H (2009). "Job insecurity and employability in fixed-term contractors, agency workers, and permanent workers: Associations with job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment." Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. Pp 193205 Duffy, R. D., Bott, E. M., Allan, B. A., Torrey, C. L., Dik, B. J. (2012). "Perceiving a calling, living a calling, and job satisfaction: Testing a moderated, multiple mediator models". Journal of Counseling Psychology Goetsch,D.L., Davis,S. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence: Introduction to total quality. Harlow: Pearson. Hakanen, J., W.B. Schaufeli, and K. Ahola, (2008). The Job Demands-Resources Model: AThree Year Cross-lagged Study of Burnout, Depression, Commitment, and Work Engagement, Work and Stress, pp 224-241 LeonaiteB., BasquinJ., ContiE. (2017). Helicase Sen1. doi:10.2210/pdb5mzn/pdb Meyer, J. P., Srinivas, E. S., Lal, J. B., Topolnytsky, L. (2007). "Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: Test of the three-component model in two cultures." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. Osterwalder,A., Pigneur,Y., Bernarda,G., Smith,A. (2014). Value proposition design. Prideaux,M. (2017). BX3174: Leadership and management readings. Robbins,S.P., Judge,T., Millett,B., Boyle,M. (2016). Organisational behaviour. Scottish Executive Research (2007). Employee Engagement in the Public Sector Sekaran,U., Bougie,R.J. (2016). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach Seventh Edition. John Wiley Sons. Simpson, R.M., (2009). 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Competence and Professionalism in Nursing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competence and Professionalism in Nursing. Answer: Introduction Nurses in a clinic or hospital are expected to work according to the stipulated rules and regulation relevant to their profession. Additionally, it is important that they conform to codes of professional conduct, ethics, and standards in their activities. Therefore, failing to work within these principles may attract a punishment, or a charge leveled against them. The case study below is a similar situation that examines the conduct of a nurse towards a patient in a clinic. In so doing, the work of this paper is to come up with some of the breaches of conduct that the nurse addresses in this situation. The patient under the case study is an 81-year-old nurse who dies of septicemia, but the professional activities of the nurse before her death calls upon launching of an investigation. A thorough analysis of a case study in a situation where a nurse fails to follow professional code of conduct is essential in establishing various ways that a nurse should have conducted himself or herself and the lesson that one can draw from such the case study. Examination of the case study There are various ways that a nurse must behave given the case study at hand. To start with the first one, an ideal way that any nurse should act is first to consider the patient's treatment history. The data can help in deciding the best way of assessing the patient. Besides, appraisal of the patient is essential. The evaluation must be appropriately reported which will then shape the reason for detailing the correct purpose of activity (Chadwick, and Gallagher, 2016). It is worth noting that, the nurse gets data of the patient history; be that as it may, she evaluates the patient and neglects to record her assessment. Notwithstanding that, in spite of the nurse assessing the patient, there is no arrangement of activity that the nurse concocts (Dark, 2016). Then again, it is vital for nurses to report health status or conditions that call upon help. Be that as it may, the nurse neglects to report or ask for help. It is unacceptable for any nurse to behave as such (Schneider, and Whitehead, 2013). As indicated by the contextual analysis, the patient respiratory rate is at 89/53. In addition to that, documents uncover that her respiratory rate is 40-44 breaths for every minute. On further analysis, it turns out to be certain that the patient is experiencing diarrhea and abdominal pain. A competent ought to recognize that these are red flags that call upon for an emergency treatment. (Caricati et al., 2014). The surprising thing is that the nurse does not do anything, either calling for any intervention or acting in a manner that tries to help the patient. On the other hand, it is common for nurses to accept obligations that they are not capable. In such circumstance, it is vital to caution the doctors in charge of allocating as opposed to putting in danger the lives of patients (Choi et al., 2014). The nurse argues that she was being exhausted. The council concedes that rustic clinics risk facing such difficulties yet additionally prescribes the nurse to find a mentor who will manage her on abilities concerning emergency situations (Krautscheid, 2014). The contextual analysis brings into the consideration some of these professional standards and set of accepted rules that are abused. To begin with competency, for enrolled nurses, the attendant does not fit in with various them. Right off the bat is competency standard practice 1, which is to think critically and analyses nursing practice. This involves reflection on experience, information and keeping up an exact and opportune documentation of evaluation. For the situation think about, the advisory group discovers that the nurse does not archive her evaluation, or apply her vast experience to provide food for the patient. Besides, there is professional competency practice 7, which is evaluating outcome to inform nursing practice. In this practice, the nurse is expected to monitor or rather evaluate progress which is aimed at the expected outcome or objectives. Nonetheless, the committee builds up that the nurse does not treat the patient in a way that designed for recuperation. For example, she neglects to archive or convey the breaking down the state of the state of health of the patient. Lastly, there is professional competency statement 6, which is integrating nursing and health care knowledge, skills and attitude to provide safe and effective care. The attendant does not counsel or look for help for the patient notwithstanding her evaluation that the circumstance of the patient is compounding. In this manner, these are a portion of the professional competency or standard practice that the nurse abuses. Then again, there is professional code of conduct that the nurse violates. In the case study, the most relevant is, Code of professional conduct statement 2, stating that, nurses must practice by the standards of the profession and broader health system. As indicated by the contextual investigation, the nurse neglects to either record her evaluation or reports on the intensifying state of the patient despite the fact that the episode needs an emergency (Nurses and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). This is infringing upon proficient lead expressed by NMBA and which must not go on without serious consequences for a nurse of her abilities and experience. Various professional conducts can be used to either solve or make a positive impact on the situation under the case study. Above all else, the nurse must report her finding instantly after the evaluation. Likewise, in the wake of taking note of the intensifying health status of the patient, she should make a legitimate arrangement of getting help. Also, the nurse responsible for designating obligations must not allocate the medical attendant obligations in the wake of having worked in the morning as she asserts. It structures some portion of the claim that the medical attendant set forward to the committee investigating her conduct. Also, records uncover that the patient was encountering hypertension. It is a condition that the specialist may have managed, for example, by guiding or empowering her which as a result could turn out to be useful to the patient (Stone, Cooper, and Cant, 2013). Lastly, it was important for the nurse to inform the Unit Nurse Manager when calling her to mak e plans of medications for another patient. Given that the patient knew that the patient needed antibodies, she should have passed the same to the Unit Manager as opposed to staying silent (McCann et al., 2013). As anundergraduate nursing student who is anxious to act as a professional nurse, there are numerous lessons that this contextual investigation can teach me. To begin with competency, it is critical in nursing to apply knowledge and skills that one acquires in taking care of an issue. For example, the nurse, in spite of having tremendous experience, aptitude and learning procured in school, she neglects to do a portion of the essential errands like reporting after evaluation of the patient. By so doing, she neglects to mull over on the correct motivation of activity. It is a lesson that teaches me that documentation is a critical angle in defining a legitimate reason for the cause of action in nursing. Besides, I discover that it is vital to perceive the current issue and react properly. For example, the nurse requests for antibodies from a Unit Nurse Manager to offer it to a patient. Moreover, I gain from the nurse that it is important for one to acknowledge his or her errors since it can bring down the heaviness of the case, and as a result, the discipline that the Board may choose to pass on you. One reason that the nurse gets a somewhat indulgent discipline is that she concedes to being blameworthy of the greater part of the charges delivered. Then again, the contextual analysis teaches me that learning is a nonstop process and however much a person can be experienced; there might be some lacking in competency or knowledge in various areas. The nurse, despite being a registered nurse, with tremendous experience, the committee prescribes that she finds a mentor that is well knowledgeable and qualified on emergency issues to guide her before she ends up noticeably prepared or sufficiently fit to work autonomously (Nettina, Msn, and Nettina, 2013). Finally, I have additionally discovered that nursing professional bodies are there to help not to rebuff individuals . For this situation, however genuine the charges, still, the body is satisfied by the nurses acknowledgment of her errors and urges her to search for a guide. Conclusion In this way, ethics, competency and professional standards in nursing are pivotal and can make one be considered responsible for the infringement of the same. The nurses ought to report after evaluating patients, call for an emergency at whatever points the need emerges or utilize their involvement in thinking of the best possible reason for the activity. These incorporate yet are not constrained to not documenting, assessing and reporting the finding of the assessment. It is significant that the paper has adequately shown a portion of the sets of professional standards that the nurse abuses and practices that could have made the circumstance unique. In conclusion, the case study has profitable lessons which incorporate the need to rehearse inside the acceptable code of conduct and that little oversights can have a great impact on patients. References Black, B. (2016). Professional Nursing-E-Book: Concepts Challenges. Elsevier Health Sciences. Caricati, L., Sala, R. L., Marletta, G., Pelosi, G., Ampollini, M., Fabbri, A., ... Mancini, T. (2014). Work climate, work values and professional commitment as predictors of job satisfaction in nurses. Journal of nursing management, 22(8), 984-994. Chadwick, R., Gallagher, A. (2016). Ethics and nursing practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cherry, B., Jacob, S. R. (2016). Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Choi, S., Jang, I., Park, S., Lee, H. (2014). Effects of organizational culture, self-leadership and empowerment on job satisfaction and turnover intention in general hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 20(2), 206-214. Krautscheid, L. C. (2014). Defining professional nursing accountability: a literature review. Journal of Professional Nursing, 30(1), 43-47. McCann, C. M., Beddoe, E., McCormick, K., Huggard, P., Kedge, S., Adamson, C., Huggard, J. (2013). Resilience in the health professions: A review of recent literature. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(1). Nettina, S. M., Msn, A. B., Nettina, S. M. (2013). Lippincott manual of nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Numminen, O., Meretoja, R., Isoaho, H., Leino?Kilpi, H. (2013). Professional competence of practising nurses. Journal of clinical nursing, 22(9-10), 1411-1423. Scanlon, A., Cashin, A., Bryce, J., Kelly, J. G., Buckely, T. (2016). The complexities of defining nurse practitioner scope of practice in the Australian context. Collegian, Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. Nurses and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered nurse standards for practice. Stone, R., Cooper, S., Cant, R. (2013). The value of peer learning in undergraduate nursing education: a systematic review. ISRN nursing, 2013.