Age of the Dinosaurs essays

Age of the Dinosaurs essays The "Age of Dinosaurs" also known as the Mesozoic Era began over 245 million years ago. It was divided into three periods call the Triassic (245 to 208 million years ago), Jurassic (208 to 145 million years ago), and the Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago). The earth during the Mesozoic Era was very different than it is today. The earth was only one continent whereas today it is seven. This huge super-continent was called Pangea. During the Jurassic period Pangea was separated into two continents known as Laurasia and Gondwanaland, and during the Cretaceous period, the continents as we know them today began to appear. Just as in the future the continents we look much different as know them now. Evidence show that at the beginning of the Triassic period, before the dinosaurs appeared, the global temperature of the Earth was averaged around 50 degrees to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Although the end of the period the temperature became hotter and the humidity became drier. Desserts also began to appear. Ginkgo trees and fern forests began to appear in the Northern Hemisphere while close to the equator conifer forests and cycads appeared. Horsetails grew near bodies of water. Volcano's spewed out great lava flows. In this setting the first dinosaurs began to appear. They were primitive mammal-like reptiles. Many animals such as the Pelycosauria, became extinct, and these similar reptile appears. The carnivorous Cynognathus, a four-legged animal with sharp teeth and large fangs took the Pelycosaurai's place. This dinosaur could take a more nearly upright posture at times, in sharp contrast to the pelycoaurs and the labrinthodonts. The Cynognathus, in anatomy, was actually more like a mammal itself. It even might have been warm blooded and live bearing. As the Triassic period unfolded, the therapsid assemblage declined and new animal life forms appeared. These were the first of the din ...

I, Rigoberta Menchu essays

I, Rigoberta Menchu essays Above and beyond all the controversy and gray areas circling I, Rigoberta Menchu, her courage is without question commendable. There is an abundance of people that believe that Rigoberta made false accusations in her life history, but majority agree that she faced extreme obstacles throughout her life that she was ultimately strong enough to overcome. Her story was recorded on tape in Spanish and edited and introduced by Elisabeth Burgos-Debray. In the introduction it is stated that, She speaks for all Indians of the American Continent.(Burgos-Debray) Rigoberta describes her cultures way of living and their extreme hatred for the white man for forcing their way upon them. In her early twenties she was entirely fed up with the mistreatment and disrespect her culture received over her lifetime and took a bold move to speak out. Menchu spent a week in Paris telling her story whole- heartedly to Elisabeth Burgos-Debray. She spilled out her truths of her past similarly to the way a raped women would let go of her emotional scars. Order and focus of conversation was often planned but very rarely achieved. For Rigoberta this wasnt just story time, but a time to free herself from the white-man which she has been sadly chained down by her whole life. (Debray) After editing the piece numerous times the final product was reorganized into aspects of her life that prove to have a lasting impact on her and other Guatemalan people. The first major topic was family. She explained the pasts of both her parents and how they ended up living in the mountains, Altiplano. They both came from extremely poor families that were raised living from day to day to survive with much hardship and loss. Her parents founded a village in the Altiplano and eventually began to produce goods in between working on the fincas. Fincas were the plantations that the white-man owned and operated, and ne...

Case study A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study A - Essay Example He works an average of ten hours per day Monday through Friday and an half day on Saturday. This gives him very little time for other activities, which means if he falls sick, then the business will just go down with him. 2.The major reason Judd wants to call it a day in his business is that he thinks he is knocking himself out for very little money ,whereas he is putting in a lot more hours, has a great deal of responsibility and even faces the risk of financial loss and perhaps even bankruptcy. He compares himself with his cousin who works as a packer at a local manufacturing company; he realizes that he is making far less money than his cousin. 3. The advice I would offer Juddi is that he should seriously consider getting a partner for his business. This is because with the partner’s help, he will be able to inject in the much needed capital to boost the business and also it will enable Judd to concentrate more on the repair work which will help them make more money. With a partner it means Judd will also benefit from some free hours and this will enable him to rest and be able to think on ways for improving this

Arms of mass Destruction and International Law Term Paper

Arms of mass Destruction and International Law - Term Paper Example Evidently, international law has a lasting association with the endeavors to manage weapons of mass destruction, which followed the development of prohibitions (treaty) on the employment of poisonous gases in war (Busch & Joyner, 2009). Three bodies on international law can be delineated as regulating WMD, namely: arms control treaties, international law guiding the use of force, and international humanitarian law. Historically, the most outstanding and direct utilization of international law in relation to WMD was via arms control treaties. This denotes international agreements fashioned to ban or limit the development, ownership, and employment of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons by states.The international law on the use of force addresses the threat or the application of force rather than the development of weapons. On the use of WMD, international law on the use of force establishes legal justifications for the alternative to force, rather than rules detailing the weapo ns states may utilize.   On the use of WMD, international humanitarian law outlines the kinds of weapons that can be employed in armed conflict such as outlawing the use of weapons that can render superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.   Arms control treaties, on the other hand, specifically control the development of WMD and proscribe the utilization of chemical and biological weapons.   This body of international law mirrors the â€Å"arms control approach† to WMD detailing formal agreements among states to control the use and development of WMD.

Cultural and business impressions of Brazil Research Paper

Cultural and business impressions of Brazil - Research Paper Example â€Å"As Catholicism is the predominant religion in Brazil, many of these events have a strong Catholic influence.† (Doing Business in Brazil | Brazilian Social and Business Culture, 2009, p.1). The multiplicity of the Brazilian culture is additionally stressed by the widespread class variation, which pervades approximately each facet of the society. Brazilian companies have a tendency to maintain perpendicular hierarchies â€Å"where managers at the top make most of the decisions.† (Doing Business in Brazil | Brazilian Social and Business Culture, 2009, p.1). These points lean to be ruled by the male associates. However, women are gradually moving ahead in the employment of executive positions. Diversity in rank is still now very common in the Brazilian culture. Class is frequently grounded on financial position. The class discrimination in the arena of business is slight now. Brazil’s economic scenario and cultural aspects are quite different than that of USA. To begin a business is the key step that an American organization appreciates. It automatically generates a connection of the fresher in American business arena with a multitude of already established American business personalities. The development of an aptitude to sense and observe the behavior, notions of the business associates are important here. From the very initial contact with anybody in a wide range business in USA, there is supposed to be a considerate aim to study, that how the Americans perform in daily business conditions. It is based on the handling of as many customers one can manage at a time. A fast and compact training to develop such approach is necessary. â€Å"Training partners can be suppliers, business partners, people† (Baier, 2010) that a businessman meets on a trade conference. Even the telemarketers could be a source of such training. A specific sense of the work associates with whom one is dealing is also important. On the other hand, as a

A Factor For Firm Formation Economics Essay

A Factor For Firm Formation Economics Essay Firms are all around us and are the main expressers of economic activity in the modern capitalistic world. We observe firms being created, growing, evolving, expanding into new areas by merging with others but also remaining stable, declining, getting acquired and sometimes declaring bunkruptcy. It is clear that firms activities vary a lot and as a result, multiple studies regarding them have been undertaken during the course of the years. This essays purpose is to address the, perhaps, most important element associated with a firms existence, its formation, and especially the conditions and the reasons under which firms tend to form. But first, in order to be able to explain the circumstances and the factors that lead into the successful formation of a firm, a definition of it will be given. According to Jensen and Meckling, a firm is a legal fiction which serves as a focus for a complex process in which the conflicting objectives of individuals are brought into equilibrium within a framework of contractual relations (1976 p.311). The feature of the firm that makes it unique, though, is its ability to supersede the price mechanism, one of the pylons on which the whole economic theory is based, with decisions taken by the firms agents upon real-life situations and which, in most cases, deviate from what the economic theory through the price mechanism dictates (Coase 1937 p.390). Of major importance in this essay is the attempt to present, describe and evaluate the existence of transaction costs, which is a key aspect of Coases, Arrows Williamsons and Di Maggios analyses of the reasons why firms are formed. However, although it is crucial in understanding the genesis of a firm and its explanatory capability is invaluable, economising on transaction costs theory does not provide a sole explanation of it and other factors must be taken into account in order for us to have a clearer picture of the situation. The purpose and length of the essay does not provide the possibility to elaborate in a thorough and complete way about those factors, but technological advances and entrepreneurial spirit and creativity will be outlined and briefly explained. Moreover, for a successful firm creation to take place, there are many conditions that need to hold true, some of which will be presented in the following analysis. These are: widely understood rules when it comes to go verning a firm, and analytical planning before the actual formation of the firm. Transaction Costs Theory: Both a condition and a factor for firm formation As argued by the title given above, the transaction costs theory can be seen as both a condition and a factor on which a successful firm formation relies, depending on how the reader perceives the situation. The existence of transaction costs is a condition for firms to arise, but the process by which the economic agents economise on transaction costs is probably the most crucial factor that drives firm formation and that is why it will be analysed separately from the other conditions and factors. The main reason for a firms formation is the cost of using the price mechanism by which the economic system is being run (Coase 1937 p.390; Arrow 1969 p.70). Or, according to Williamson, a firm is the product of a series of organisational innovations that have had the purpose and effect of economising on transaction costs (1981 p.1537). More specifically, organising production through the price mechanism enables an obvious transaction cost of finding out what the current prices of interest are. Even if specialist price finders existed, this type of cost would not be totally eliminated (Coase 1937 p.390). As it can be understood, this more realistic theory contradicts with the theoretical model of the economy, in which there is perfect price information to all agents. But what is understood of transaction costs and what actions do firms take in order to reduce them? Transaction costs are mainly the costs of deciding, haggling, arranging and coordinating actions that constantly take place in the market, as Paul Di Maggio has argued (2001 p.8). Furthermore, they include the creation of contracts for each separate transaction that occurs in the market. As firms are created, these contracts are not eliminated but they are greatly reduced, since the founder-manager of the firm does not have to create contracts for every single transaction in which his/her company participates, as implied by the economic theory. Through this procedure, multiple costs are avoided, because the so called marketing costs are strictly reduced. For example, only one contract per employee is needed, in which the relationship between him and the firm (and its agents) is clearly stated. That will include the amount and the way of payment, the working hours and the certain limits within which the employee will have to obey the employer (Coase 1937 pp.390-393). Further methods that firms use in order to minimise transaction costs are the introduction of repetitive and predictable activities for their employees, by giving duties to them through a clear job description, eliminating the possibility of negotiations about the allocation of tasks. As a result, employers have more time to deal with important issues and decisions concerning the firm. In addition, the fair treatment to employees provided by the firms environment guarantees the reduction of transaction costs, since there is a specified reward-punishment system that everybody abides by, that results to immediate elimination of conflicts (Di Maggio 2001 pp.8-9). Regarding the same topic, Williamson has argued that pre-contract negotiation and task and deliverables specification will reduce the necessity for periodic interventions to check the progress of the contracts execution and its successful comple tion (1981 p.1544). Another crucial question about the transaction costs touches upon the reason of their existence. Related to it are two behavioural assumptions: bounded rationality and opportunism. According to the bounded rationality theory, people are less competent in calculations and are not able to account for every issue that is contract-related and therefore are transaction costs created. Moreover, people are opportunistic and unreliable, because they, many times, act having just their personal interest in mind. Consequently, it is possible that they are going to behave in a non-trustworthy and irresponsible way (Williamson 1981 pp.1544-1546). As it has been presented above, a key factor for a firms formation is the deviation from the economic model that portrays humans as perfectly rational beings that make right choices and have no flaws. As a bottomline, Coases writing about firm growth and expansion should be mentioned, according to which firms grow as their entrepreneurs undertake additional transactions exchange transactions that are co-ordinated through the price mechanism and try to expand until the costs of organising an extra transaction within the firm, equals the cost of carrying out the same transaction by means of an exchange on the open market or the costs of organising in another firm (Coase 1937 p.393, p.395). This is important because we are able to grasp how the second major challenge that firms founders face, the growth of their firm, after, of course, the successful formation of the firm, is illustrated based on the transactions theory described earlier. Conditions under which firms are formed Apart from transaction costs, there are also other conditions that need to hold true in order for a firm to be successfully constituted. A set of widely understood and fairly applied rules is essential, because they deter employees from using firms to seek their personal interest and urge them to contribute to achieve the firms goals. Perhaps the most important rule has to do with the hierarchy of the organisation, that is who gives orders to whom and who has the last call, when decision-making is involved. Secondly, clear admission and promotion criteria need to be established, so that firms transparency is maintained, and lastly routines for the performance of work need to exist, in order for deliverables to be easily checked in terms of integrity. Generally, rules within a firm serve a double role by specifying who does what work and by dictating which behaviours are worth rewarding and which punishing (appraisal punishment system) (Di Maggio 2001 p.8). Of major importance, when it comes to explaining the circumstances under which a firm is brought to life, is the planning that the entrepreneur(s)-founder(s) of the firm has/have to do before he/she/they can actually start building it, since a business plan, according to Delmar and Shane, turns abstract goals into concrete operational steps and therefore is crucial for both a firms existence and success. What is meant with the term business planning is the effort that firm founder(s) need(s) to make so that he/she/they gather(s) the appropriate information about a business opportunity and the action of finding and understanding how this information will be used to give birth to a new organisation that will try and make use of this opportunity (2003 p.1165). Through business planning the founder(s)-manager(s) of the firm is/are going to be able to spot and capitalise in a more efficient and risk-free way on the reduction of transaction costs. Without planning, a firm can not in most c ases fulfill its ultimate goal, survival, and the most sought after one, profit maximisation. Factors that drive firm formation Why is a firm created and what are the key factors that lead to its formation are two closely related questions that will be discussed in this section of the essay. One of these factors is technology and its regime that, according to Shane, includes four dimensions age of technical field, tendency of the market towards segmentation, effectiveness of patents and importance of complementary assets in marketing and distribution which affect the trend for inventions to be exploited through new firms formation (2001 p.1188). This formation is the reaction of potential entrepreneurs when they observe that specific domains of tecnology exploitation are profitable. Concluding, technology is crucial because it has become the main reason for innovation and that is the force that drives firms to the creation of new products, services and processes (Chandler 1959 p.25). Yet another factor that leads to firm formation is the creativity that a person shows, when he/she observes an opportunity to make profits through the creation of a product or provision of some kind of service. This creativity is referred to as entrepreneurship and is associated with spirit, vision and alertness to business opportunities that a person needs to possess (Lee, Florida and Acs 2004 pp.889-890). Whether someone possesses the gift of entrepreneurship or not, is determined by regional variation and characteristics such as population size, industrial structure, human capital capacity and financing availability (Armington and Acs 2002 p.37). A useful claim about entrepreneurship was made by Stuart and Sorenson who argued that firms founding rate is affected by social ties and the entrepreneurs need to reside near resources that they find necessary to mobilise (2003 p.229). Finally Schumpeter, when talking about his concept of creative destruction, he underlined the responsibi lity that independently owned firms bear for reforming or revolutionising, another indicator of the importance of entrepreneurship for firm formation as well as growth (1942 p.132). Conclusion To sum up, although there is no doubt that the firm is an important and complex institution, according to Williamson there seems to be disagreement when it comes to examining the conditions and the reasons that underlie its formation (1981 p.1537). However, much of firms formation literature and analysis relies on the existence of transaction costs and the firms attempts to economise on them. The deviation from the markets theory of organising the economic activity to the firms alternative one, brings upon the two behavioural assumptions bounded rationality and opportunism that introduce reality into the model and cease portraying human beings as perfectly rational. Apart from transaction costs, more conditions and firm formation factors are described in order for the analysis to be more complete within the length limit of this essay. Lastly, since the firms will always be in the centre of the economic activity, and as the state of the world and peoples behaviour change through tim e, it is possible that when similar analyses are to be conducted in the future, new findings regarding the reasons and the conditions under which firms arise, will be discovered that might as well change our perspective.

Important People of History Essay

Ancient Greece was known for many things, including great thinkers and philosophers. Many names come to mind from this period, including that of Socrates. Certainly, none are so colorful. He wrote nothing, but his impact was unmatched by others. His ideas were revolutionary, and caused enough controversy that he was finally put on trial in Athens, guaranteeing that his mark on history would be indelible. Socrates was born in 469 B. C. E. to Sophroniscus and Phaenarete. Little is known about him beyond what others wrote, since he resisted any urges to put words on paper. What is known about him comes from Aristophanes, Xenophon, and Plato, all of whom wrote about him. However, their narratives differ in some crucial ways, and so there are some things that will never be known about the enigmatic philosopher. Socrates was a firm believer in the power of the intellect. He insisted that â€Å"a man must order his life by the guidance of his own intellect,† believing that it was this above all that must be cultivated. He never hesitated in saying what he believed, and this tendency made him unpopular in many circles. However, he did not allow this to deter him from expressing these beliefs. Knowledge and truth were paramount to him, and he would not sacrifice these virtues for anything. When he was eighteen, Socrates was required to do the duty of every citizen, and this included training in the Athenian militia. He served the years that were expected of him, engaging in battle in 432 as a foot soldier to help put down a revolt. On the way home from the siege that followed, Socrates saved the life of Alcibiades during a subsequent battle near Spartolus, losing the battle. They returned to Athens in 429, where he was accused of helping the playwright Euripides to write his tragedies. Important People of History Page 2 of 5 Socrates next saw battle at Delium in 424. The Athenians saw defeat yet again, although Socrates distinguished himself once more. In another year, he was yet again immersed in battle, this time at Amphipolis. This ended in another defeat, and was also the last battle that Socrates fought. Peace was made between Athens and Sparta, and this is when Socrates could begin to concentrate in earnest on debates and discussions to pass on his ideas and beliefs. Education, democracy, and Mystery religion were key themes in this. During this time, Socrates married Xanthippe, and they would have two sons. Socrates perhaps became best known for the Socratic Method. This method was meant to help intellectuals come to correct conclusions, and it made definition the most essential point of this. In a desire to find the truth, Socrates believed that one must â€Å"require a standard of truth and an explanation of the causes of error. † The comparison of two ideas is necessary in making a judgment, and those ideas must be clear and not vague. This method lasted throughout the centuries, and is still practiced today. Socrates is also known as the founder of utilitarianism. Ethics and the process of applying his methods to them was a key interest of his, and this study led to utilitarian ideas. With this, he came to the conclusion that good is useful and â€Å"virtue is happiness. † This formed the core of his paradox, which is that men do not willingly commit wrongs, and that this is done only through ignorance. While Socrates wrote nothing, he spent a great deal of his life conversing with others. This was a major part of his Socratic method. He never attempted to teach, for he believed that he had no knowledge. He professed that he was only exceptional in the fact Important People of History Page 3 of 5 that he knew that he knew nothing. It was a goal of his to prove that popular ideas were inconsistent, and he wished to convince all to whom he spoke that their convictions could not stand up under examination. Socrates was well known for frequenting places such as marketplaces, where he would engage people in conversation. He enjoyed doing this with people of all ranks and stations, often putting off important people and gaining their animosity. His manner and lack of deference gained him many enemies; many resenting what they felt were his ridicule. There was nothing that Socrates felt was too sacred to question and criticize, and this included both religion and government. He was perhaps more agnostic than anything, and he had no compunctions about questioning and criticizing the gods. This added to feelings of animosity against him, as did the fact that he was also quite vocal against the ruling powers. It was this that was to lead to his arrest and subsequent trial, which is perhaps the pinnacle of his career. Socrates was arrested when he was seventy on charges that â€Å"he does not believe in the gods recognized by the city, but introduces strange supernatural beings; he is also guilty, because he corrupts the youth. † The political reasons were kept quiet, instead focusing on impiety, and the sentence proposed was that of death, although those who accused him had no real desire to put him to death, only to force him to leave and no longer be a thorn in their sides. However, Socrates refused to leave, instead remaining behind to face the charges against him. A life away from his interactions with the Athenians would not have suited him, and so he remained. Important People of History Page 4 of 5 Socrates faced a jury of 501 men. This jury, as all Athenian juries, would vote twice. Their first vote was on guilt or innocence, and their second vote was for the sentence. While Socrates expected that he would be convicted, he expressed surprise at â€Å"how closely the jury was split on the first and basic question. † It was a difference of six percent that would have turned the tide, acquitting him. Socrates had the chance to avoid a sentence of death once the verdict came in. It was a practice of the Athenian law system to allow the defendant to put forth another punishment, and the jury would choose between the two. However, the punishment that Socrates suggested was merely a small fine, which was so minuscule a punishment that the jury had little choice but to condemn him to death. It was not for thirty days after his trial that Socrates would meet his end. During that time, his friend Crito appealed to him to escape, but Socrates believed that the harm that would come from that would be a greater harm to the city than to allow himself to follow through with the sentence, and that it would have â€Å"brought shame on his family and friends. † Socrates did not seem to fear his death. In fact, on the day upon which he was scheduled to die, he seemed quite happy and pleasant. Death was perhaps another opportunity for him to learn and experience. He was also not alone when the end came, as his wife and younger son, as well as friends, were present. He spent his last day doing what he loved best, discussing philosophy and once more passing on his wisdom. Xanthippe was taken home before his actual death took place, leaving him with his Important People of History Page 5 of 5 friends and advising them to agree if they believed what he said was truth, and to oppose it if they did not, refusing to restrain themselves. To the end, he was determined to hold onto his ideals and beliefs, and insisted on others doing so as well. After bathing and then meeting with his family once more, he met with his executioners. He was given a glass of hemlock after having its effects explained to him. After this formality, he â€Å"cheerfully took the cup and drank. † Thus ended the life of one of the most profound leaders of philosophy. Socrates, through all of his life, lived up to the ideals and beliefs that he taught. He never compromised these, even up to the day that he died. To him, the importance of remaining true to himself and his teachings was paramount, and to do otherwise would be an injustice. He did not simply talk and hope that others learned from him; he lived by example and died by the same. His legacy proved to be quite enduring, and is still a cornerstone of philosophy to this day. His students, such as Plato, helped to preserve this and pass it on. Without Plato and others, little would be known today of Socrates. The impression he made was a lasting one, and a good example even today, encouraging people not to be afraid to question and discuss, because without these things, learning cannot be successful. Works Cited Bury, J. B. and Russell Meiggs. A History of Greece. London: Macmillan Education LTD, 1975. Nails, Debra. â€Å"Socrates. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 16 Sept. 2005. . Stone, I. F. The Trial of Socrates. New York: Doubleday, 1989.

Professionalism and ethics Essay

The episode presented in this case study give rise to Moral Sense Test directed to analyzing human moral judgments. The issue of saving a large woman to save 22 tourists behind her, driving a boat faster to save life of five people from drowning and at the same time letting one person to fall of and drown, failure to give a drug to a terminally ill person in knowledge that he may die without it and his organs may be used to safe some other three persons, and suffocating your baby with aim of averting an enemy from finding both of you and kill and other eight hiding with you presents a moral dilemma situation directed towards scrutinizing psychological mechanism basic to social moral judgment. Situation leading to moral dilemma has been capturing human attention towards how people judge certain affairs, deciding on justified and unjustified situations as well as social views on right and wrong action. Debate on moral decision has been has been a contentious issue with philosophers speculating how people have been making moral decision in the society. Scenarios presented by this paper give a situation which has for long been pondered by philosophers as well other professional on whether to sacrifice one for a greater good. Utilitarian ethical theory support option of sacrificing one to protect many. Many societies seems to value the utilitarian option but there is a considerable emotional element given that verdict involves harming a human being. Any of decision made on these scenarios results to a moral tug of war between whether to kill one person as in the case of killing huge woman to save 22 tourist, sacrificing one person to save five from drowning, sacrifice on ill person to save three and sacrificing a child to save you and others with sympathy of killing a human being. Moral theories Egoism as an ethical theory entails individual’s self is the motivation and the goal of individual’s own accomplishment. Egoism has two folds i. e. descriptive and normative. Descriptive also called positive variant, define egoism as explanation of human affairs meaning individuals are motivated by self interest and desires while normative ethics elaborates that people should be motivated. Ethical egoism an individual have no duty anyone but to him/herself. Meaning that, every person should strive satisfy his or her individual interests maximizing own welfare. According to egoism, each individual has a goal of his own†¦This diversity of goals may endanger conflict. This is not an objection to ethical egoism, however. When people have goals in conflict, each individual ought, according to egoism, to maintain his or her goal. Ethical egoism is a consistent ethical theory, in competition with other ethical theories,† (Tannsjo 2002 pp 42). From the above quote we can say that according to egoism theory you act wrongly when if you do not strive to maximize your interest. Maximizing of interest means that an individual can go to an extent of doing harm in order to protect his/her interests. The egoist is prepared to kill, not only in order to save many lives but in order to save his or her own life. Therefore, in the scenarios presented in our case study when considering egoism ethical theory means that when doing any act you should consider your interests. For example an egoist would consider saving digging a woman and making 22 tourists to perish and sacrificing woman life to save tourist will depend on different interests according to egoism theory. That is can sacrifice the whole group or to save large woman according to whom we have interest in and vice-versa. Being a subject of Moral Sense Test based on egoism moral theory I would drown person in the falling from the boat to save other five based on my interests. If I am more affiliated to the falling person, according to egoism I would let five to perish and save the one I have interest in. In case my interest is more to the five people I would work to save them making the falling person to die. In the case where am to suffocate my screaming my screaming baby to save myself and other eight hiding with me would be a better option considering egoism theory. This is due to individual interest of living taking more priority than that of the baby hence saving other eight people. Faced with scenario of sacrificing failing to give drug to a terminally ill patient knowing that he will die but his organs could be used to save other three patient considering egoism theory would mean to fall the self interest in this scenario. Saving three persons to the expense of sacrificing one terminally ill patient means that my interest for example if patient is my relative. On the other hand if I have more interest to a more terminally ill patient I would not fail to give drug making other three to die according to egoism theory of maximizing of interests. Conventional morality can be described as a morality of established local practice or a part of morality that directs people day to day life. â€Å"Conventional morality defines responsibilities, gives direction to action, helps to organize social life. It establishes expectations and thereby give guidance for personal development† (DeMarco 1994 pp. 24). This means that it is a fixed pattern of individual or a professional governing a particular role, giving boundaries of action, dependencies as well as patterns of authority. That is society or individuals have moral responsibility based on conventions and violations of conventions mean individual actions are immoral. In the three scenarios presented in case study in this context conventional morality theory would looking at different laid down standard in trying to save different dilemmas. Incase of saving a five from drowning to the expense of saving the one falling and vise versa would depend on morals raid down. If my society moral dictates that saving many would be the most moral, according to conventional morality I would strive to save the five and let the falling person to die even if it is my relative since these are set convention and must be followed. In case it is refusing to give terminally ill patient drug making his to die and use his organ to save the three will depend on convention set by the hospital and act according to them. Suffocating my baby so that I can save myself and other eight persons from attacks of an enemy would depend on set societal convention which may favor suffocating my baby or letting all to die all together. For example if conventions dictates that I should strive to save many, suffocating of my baby may be an option and this would be morally upright according to conventional theory of morality. Moral dilemmas have presented various arguments making some of philosophers to argue that â€Å"†¦doing the right is whatever produce the greatest balance over evil†¦This view has been called ‘utilitarianism’ or ‘consequentialism. ’ ‘Utilitarianism’ tends to be associated with the view that ‘good’ means a balance of pleasure over pain†¦or perhaps some more sophisticated ‘happiness’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hallquist, 2008 para. 5). According to Hallquist (2008), when applying utilitarianism theory of morality to moral dilemma where you have an option of killing one person to save many, an individual is requires to kill one and save many. This situation presents a greater evil or prevents a greater evil according to Utilitarianism theory of morality. There have been options when you can consider killing many and save one for example if killing the five would prevent a deadly riot would allow for saving one person instead. According to utilitarianism, killing someone harvest organ to save the five individuals would be a better evil. This means that the case presented in the case study in the context of this paper about refusing to give drug to terminally ill patient letting him to die and using his organ to heal other persons would be a better choice according to utilitarianism. Letting the falling person to die and save and saving five droning persons would be the better evil instead of saving one and letting five to die. Suffocating a my screaming baby according to utilitarianism theory of morality would be a better evil than letting myself and eight people accompanying me to die. Theory of duty ethics also called deontological morality theory view morality through probing the nature of actions and will of agents instead of results achieved i. e. looking at input instead of the outcomes. Incase of killing one person to save many for example a situation where the doctor would sacrifice life of one person and use his organ to save five, duty of ethics opposes this. â€Å"†¦the agent should not kill the one person because if he does that he will produce worse state of affairs, as seen from his position. That he should not kill is the result that deontologist endorse as well† (Kamm 1993 pp. 5). According to duty ethic correctness of an accomplishment is not simply reliant on exploiting the good, if that accomplishment goes in opposition to what is consider moral. This means that the scenarios where am require not to give drug and to let terminally ill person to die and save three from his organ would be immoral from duty ethics. This is because by refusing to give drug is immoral no matter the good it can contribute of saving three persons. Letting the falling from the boat to save the five persons from drowning is immoral according to duty of ethics. On the issue of suffocating my baby it may be immoral to do that because in the first place is illegal to do that hence letting the worst to strike. Virtue of ethics emphasizes that; morality should be guided by character rather than established rules or procedures. This theory is greatly dependent on wisdom to direct an individual to do what he/she feel is moral. Virtue of ethics encompasses trait like honesty and generosity in performance of a moral duty. In the case of moral dilemma of killing on person to save many will be judged from what the person in this situation feel is morally upright. Moral principles The above analysis of the moral theory do not give define solution and are inadequate when giving solution to various situations for example moral dilemma episodes. Seven moral principles give an alternative in trying to get solution on moral decision. Moral principles define the right and wrong accepted an individual or a society to a certain situation or are universal rules that guide an individuals or a society on what to do. That is, they are standard for good behavior in the society. Moral decision making process is the process in which an individual tries to implement a balance of the seven moral principles in a given situation. The seven moral principles are; Respect, Non-Malevolence, Benevolence, Integrity, Justice, Utility and Double Effect. The lists of moral principle incorporate many cultures to serve purpose of morality. According to the principles of morality a moral action should be guide by the application of the most appropriate principle(s). Principle of respect calls for treating everybody with respect together with application of dignity and importance of a person(s) not matter the diversity. Non-malevolence principle calls for avoiding harming people or even causing pain to them. Benevolence principle tries to promote well-being of others. That is it emphasize on responding in the needs of other. This should be consistent to promoting spiritual and cultural belief and values. Principle of integrity advocates for maintaining personal standards for example in the professional environment. In application to the episode of killing one to save many, moral principle provides with a range choice in coming with appropriate action. Conclusion Application of moral theory and moral principles should be directed by the intention of being morally upright in the social operation. There intention is to guide person and society at large to have a common way of handling their affairs for common good. Moral theories and principles are motivated greatly by the social need toward an upright society. Social life presents different circumstances in life and hence many moral theories and principle geared toward giving moral solution to different social circumstances.

The Story of English in 100 Words by David Crystal Essays

The Story of English in 100 Words by David Crystal Essays The Story of English in 100 Words by David Crystal Essay The Story of English in 100 Words by David Crystal Essay David Crystal in his work, The Story of English in 100 Words, describes the development of the English language throughout history. Vocabulary is the building block of languages. Without creativity in the words we created, we would live be living in black and white. Thanks to groups such as the Anglo-Saxons, English has transformed into an exciting colorful language known across the world. Crystal presents points and history that reinforces his main theme of how the English language became to be what it is today. Crystal claims that vocabulary is the primary part of a language. It is important to know as many words as possible in order to articulate the language better. I agree with Crystal’s claim that studying vocabulary is extremely important when learning a language. Many claim that there is no point in learning a word if you do not how to correctly use it in a sentence. Although grammar is an important aspect to languages, it isn’t the most important and should definitely not be the only thing taught. Grammar is no use to you if you don’t know the word to add the grammar to. One may know how to conjugate the phrase â€Å"I need some water.† However, if they don’t know the word â€Å"water† in a certain language, then they will not be able to articulate it. Grammar is the tip of the iceberg in languages and it does not play a vital role when trying to speak a language. But wait a second, what if the word â€Å"water† doesn’t exist i n a language? This is the reason many languages began using colloquial words in their language. The earliest records or English were very formal and serious and represented a high level of class among certain domains (17). With the introduction of rhythm and words from ordinary conversation by the Anglo-Saxons, English was forever changed and their tradition is still carried today. It wasn’t long before Shakespeare began using these words and adding their own colloquial words from their time.

Prince William essays

Prince William essays In this essay, Prince William will be discussed based on information obtained through research on him and his family including general and personal information on him, his schooling and the important influences in his life. Prince William Arthur Phillip Louis Windsor is one of the most known people in the world despite the fact that he is only sixteen. This essay contains general information on Prince William, personal information, Prince Williamss education and his life story obtained from various magazine articles throughout his life. General information will include who Prince William is, where he was born, different forms of his name, and what other monarchists he is related to and how he is related to them. For personal information, Prince Williams physical description, his "likes and dislikes," and his personality will be discussed. His childhood schools will be mentioned and a description of Eton College will be included. The public can often obtain as much information on a famous person's life as they want and because of this abundance of information, Prince William's life will be detailed along with his influences in his life like Princess Diana, Prince Charles, Queen Elizabeth, Prince Henry, and Alexandria "Tiggy" Legge-Bourke. "History-to-History" will include another member of the royal family born in 1066 named William I "the Conqueror," who was as famous during his ruling period as much as Prince William is in the 1990s. This essay will cover the above topics. Prince William of Whales is second in line of inheritance to the British throne after Prince Charles of Whales, who is first. He was born June 21, 1982 at 9:03 p.m. weighing seven pounds, ten ounces at Saint Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London after his mother endured seventeen hours of labor. When he was born, his father, Prince Charles said "Nearly seventeen hours is a long time to wait ... Obviously, I am relieve...

Co-ordinating report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Co-ordinating report - Assignment Example According to Goleman (1996), it is necessary to be able to learn the emotions of others so as to be able to respond to their needs. This makes it easy for a team to work together. Students also tend to learn more when they are happy and relaxed as compared to when they are angry, depressed or anxious. The general environment of a student determines how much the student can learn as well (Goleman, 1996.) According to Mintzberg (1973), the manager has the leadership task to set a favourable environment for the organizations to work. The manager should use their position facilitate a flow of information, make binding and progressive decisions as well as consider individual and organizational needs to set plans that will enable both achieve their targets. By so doing, the manager will be in a position to keep the team motivated. Mintzberg (1973) feels that there should be deliberate effort to understand individual behaviour so as to fast track the progress of determining leaders in a team. Learning is the core driver of change. To make learning more conducive, it is best practice to make it more engaging and interactive. According to Tuckman (1965), groups of whichever setting must strive to accomplish a set of goals. Working to achieve these goals will enable group members to interact with one another. Tuckman (1965) feels that groups follow some stages to achieve a stage of stability and mutual respect. These are normal occurrence and it’s only the most resilient groups that manage to reach the level of stability. According to Belbin (2000), it is best to stipulate group functions of a team as well as roles. These roles and functions also need to be revised over time to give equal chance for all members of the team to take a certain responsibility. According to Mintzberg (1973), teams will work effectively when there is structure in place. A manager in the team should

Child neglect, abuse and its effect on juvenile delinquency Research Paper

Child neglect, abuse and its effect on juvenile delinquency - Research Paper Example The unseen types of child abuse are more destructive and make lifetime scars on the victims. This paper is a discussion on cases of child abuse, child negligence, and its effects on juvenile delinquency. The risk factors for child abuse and neglect are families with domestic violence, untreated mental illness cases, alcohol and drug abuse, and lack of parenting skills. Federal law on child abuse and prevention Act (CAPTA) defines child abuse and neglect as, â€Å"Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, severe physical or emotional harm, or sexual abuse† (Child welfare web). Some myths depict that, for an action to amount to a child abuse, it must be cruel and only done by dishonest persons to the child. This is not always the case since other types of injury are invisible and do not include any violence. Additionally, some parents find themselves caught up with acts of violence due to mental and personal problems. Another myth is that child abuse does not occur in respectable families. The truth is that child abuse happens across all tribes, cultures, and economic status including reasonable, bad, and poor neighbourhoods. The following is some forms of child abuse. The first and serious category of child abuse is neglect. Statistics show that of all the child abuse cases reported every year, over 60 % of these cases are of minor neglect. Child negligence is a failure of the parent or a caregiver to bear a child’s basic needs. They may take the form of physical needs like food and shelter, medical needs, educational needs, and emotional needs. Additionally, child negligence result when a child is left alone to suffer from pain and damage from the harsh conditions of the surroundings without any communication from the parents. In such a case, the caregiver’s name and their whereabouts remain unknown. Negligence as a form of child abuse can also be