Kettering :: essays research papers

Kettering TapeIn listening to Ketterings lecture there are volt main points that I was able to pick out1.Point of view of failure The example he gave was that a person going to grades K 12 take several tests and if they fail just one they are out, however inventors can fail 999 condemnations but if they succeed just once past they are a success not a failure. 2.There are two kinds of education Kettering claims that one kind of education is being specialized in one particular subject, and the second row of education is knowing a little bit on a wide variety of subjects. This second form is what Kettering claims to be how inventors were educated.3. I.Q. Tests Kettering claimed that I.Q. tests have nothing to do with the person taking the test, but rather, what the person administering the test wants them to be.4.Teach kids the future We are going to spend our time in the future not in the past, so why do we not study the future and study what is going to happen rather than wh at has already happened that we cannot change. We should educate people for the next 15 20 years.5.The problem Kettering states The Problem has to be the boss. From what I get of this he means that you have to buzz off up with a resolution from the problem. The problem has to be the main focus for a reasonable solution to be approached.What do I think of what Kettering utter? Where is he right? Where is he wrong? Why?I cannot say that I agree totally with what he says, but then again I cannot say I totally disagree. He brings up several points that are infinitely arguable. I do agree with the two kinds of education that are declared in number two above. I dont think there is one best way to teach children wether it be specialized in one subject, or in a wide variety of subjects as each child learns differently and at their own pace. I dont think that we can teach children or adults the future.

Dramatic Irony in Sophocles Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus King Oe

Dramatic Irony in Sophocles Oedipus the KingOedipus the King is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles. Sophocles knowing that his audience is mindful of the outcome of the play utilizes that knowledge to create various situations in which dramatic irony play key roles. Dramatic irony is when the audience knows the tragic true statement before the characters do. Through his use of irony Sophocles manages to avoid retelling an old tale, though the audience is cognizant of the stratums end they are intrigued by the irony present in the story. Sophocles made liberal use of irony. By doing this he tantalized the viewer into wanting to see how the events that occurred later would mentally affect the main character, in this case Oedipus. Oedipus is self-confident, intelligent, and cockeyed willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Because of these traits Oedipus was able to solve the riddle given... ... attempted to show examples of dramatic irony and how they apply to the story line in the play. I thoroughly enjoyed Oedipus the King due to the style Sophocles used and because I normally enjoy tragedies such as this. I look at tragedies cause one to question every aspect of life which would explain why many of the plays were written in this time frame. This play held up to its expectations and I look forward to seeing more dramatic irony in this form in the future.

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We argon all familiar with hospitals. Depending on our condition we see many distinct doctors and nurses. Manny patients think their primary care giver is their doctor, however they are wrong. The primary caregiver is their nurse working every hour, the nurse is checking their vitals, and assessing their condition. Now lets go to a patient in critical condition. Andrew, a thirty-three year old man who had been badly burned, and lost his leg to the trauma. Andrew was in such pain his attending nurse gave him the max and the nurse was very worried of respiratory collapse. Andrew spent eight weeks in the critical care department, but give tongue to he would not have survived it without his attending nurse Ellen. The patient is taken care of, but the patient doesnt spot how the nurse is doing, who is providing their care. That patient doesnt know if he or she feels overworked or if he or she has had a break in the last twelve hours. The patient probably doesnt know that the critic al care nurse is taking care of seven other patients. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing, critical care nursing is that specialty within nursing that deals specifically with human responses to life-threatening problems. A critical care nurse is a licensed professional nurse who is responsible for ensuring that acutely and critically consumptive patients and their families grow optimal care. (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2010) In summary critical nursing is a daunting task one where one individual would be overworked and assay to be in too many places at once. In addition nurses are feeling an even extra strain because hospitals intensive care units are understaffed. Now, this is not an extreme situation, however is a direct iss... ...ge, this is a vicious circle. A circle that needs to be broken by the administrations to provide punter care for our nurses which will result in better care of patients. Ultimately something needs to be done to bet ter protect the rights of individual nurses bringing the paucity and patient deaths down. As stated early, nurses are primary caregivers in hospitals. Nursing will never be an easy profession, but it is an admirable one. Nurses arent nurses because they receive worthy pay or have decent schedules. Nurses are the ultimate care givers because they are compassionate and have a passion for helping others. Unfortunately, the overlook of respect and shortage makes it difficult for nurses to truly see the gift they are giving their patients. In summary it is all about finding solutions to better our health care organizations who can better the lives of all nurses.

The College Life :: essays research papers

The College LifeSchedules are a difficult thing to balance. A person must find the meter to complete a round of tasks in a day. A normal adult may have time to get everything done and still have time to spare. The normal college student on the other hand is constantly on the go. College students have busy schedules that include working, studying, and socializing. Most college students work. How else are they going to have the money for all those up part night pizza deliveries? Part time employees usually eat on the road on the way from school to work. They work ab reveal 5 or 6 hours a day and then head home tired and ready for bed. Maybe not every night but usually in that respect is some kind of paper to be written or chapter to be read. Full time college students that are also full-time workers have to plan everything out in order to make the time to get everything done. One of the things most college students dont make time for is housework. They often wait until everything is dirty to start the laundry. Dishes are another thing that tend to pile up. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner plates and glasses add up after a week.College students must find time in their busy schedules to study. In order to keep up they must do daily assignments. Reading every night helps to prepare for the exams. Taking notes in differentiate and out of class are also necessary. Students also have exams at the end of the semester that require hours of studying. Waiting until the last minute and then cramming it all in is often a final resort. Many students who have kept up just go over and recall the information. All students must find time to study in order to pass. To escape from studying and working college students are known for socializing. They may help out in service clubs. Visiting a nursing home can be relaxing and comforting for both people.

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Miner1Shawna PergesonMiss Miner English II18 March 2014 final solution Experiments People all over the world go through a lot of hardship. Starvation, abuse, wars, bombing raids, genocide. People would suffer over the fallen economy. In atomic number 63 and even here in the United States, many people struggled to survive through the Holocaust Era. Its weary out there. The people who had it the worse were the Polish, Russians, Gypsies, and oddly the Holocaust victims the Jewish Population.They were kicked out of their homes, shoved into cattle cars, killed, and made to work in a concentration camps and many other terrible things. The worst of all, they were experimented on. The following pages ar going to tell you how the concentration camps were built, who ran the experiment camps. Also about the experiments and what the effects were. Shawna Pergeson Miner2Miss Miner English II18 March 2014The medical experiments started in World War II. Buchenwald was one of the first camps built in the summer of 1937. The prisoners were made to carry very large rocks to build it during their free time. Prisoners were utilise for Virus Researches like Typhus and were infused with numerous types of pathogens to reveal the strengths of the vaccines. Usually killing the subjects, forced prisoners like the Jews and Gypsies were force to take part. The Buchenwald Camp was freed April 11, 1945. The day after that, chair Franklin Roosevelt died. Soviets then used the camp as another concentration camp, not for civilians, but for their own enemies in Germany.The doctors during... ...ctors put in the tuberculosis bacteria in the prisoners at camp Neuengamme. Around two hundred adults died from this. They also cut off legs and shoulders from prisoners at Ravensbruck to attach them onto other subjects. This also included parts of b ones, muscles, and jumpiness to analyze the healing process for the body parts. The result of the experiments were horrid pain, mutilation, disability, and death.Doctors of the Concentration Camps also experimented on birth effects. They meant to radiate and sterilize young men and remove the changes in the reproduction organs. Women had substances unwillingly implanted their cervix or uterus which caused pain, bleeding, and spasms. Women were forced into artificial insemination. The subjects were told that they have monsters in their wombs and were cross bred from animals. This was probably the worse of the experiments.

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Miner1Shawna PergesonMiss Miner English II18 blemish 2014 Holocaust Experi workforcets People all over the world go through a lot of hardship. Starvation, abuse, wars, bombing raids, genocide. People would suffer over the fallen economy. In Europe and even here in the United States, many people struggled to survive through the Holocaust Era. Its weary out there. The people who had it the worse were the Polish, Russians, Gypsies, and especially the Holocaust victims the Jewish Population.They were kicked out of their homes, shoved into cattle cars, killed, and made to work in a concentration camps and many other terrible things. The worst of all, they were experimented on. The spare- sequence activity pages are going to tell you how the concentration camps were built, who ran the experiment camps. Also about the experiments and what the effects were. Shawna Pergeson Miner2Miss Miner English II18 March 2014The aesculapian experiments started in World War II. Buchenwald was one of the first camps built in the summer of 1937. The prisoners were made to carry very large rocks to build it during their free time. Prisoners were used for Virus Researches like Typhus and were infused with numerous types of pathogens to reveal the strengths of the vaccines. Usually killing the subjects, forced prisoners like the Jews and Gypsies were force to take part. The Buchenwald Camp was freed April 11, 1945. The day subsequently that, President Franklin Roosevelt died. Soviets then used the camp as another concentration camp, not for civilians, but for their own enemies in Germany.The doctors during... ...ctors put in the tuberculosis bacteria in the prisoners at camp Neuengamme. Around two hundred adults died from this. They also cut off legs and shoulders from prisoners at Ravensbruck to attach them onto other subjects. This also included move of bones, muscles, and nerves to analyze the healing process for the body parts. The result of the experiments were horrid pain, mutilation, disability, and death.Doctors of the Concentration Camps also experimented on birth effects. They meant to radiate and sterilize young men and study the changes in the reproduction organs. Women had substances unwillingly implanted their cervix or uterus which caused pain, bleeding, and spasms. Women were forced into artificial insemination. The subjects were told that they have monsters in their wombs and were cross bred from animals. This was probably the worse of the experiments.

Interpersonal Relationships Essay

Interpersonal relationships can either be defensive or supportive. I find myself world both(prenominal) very many times because I can see things in all different aspects. I try to put myself in the persons shoes in order to determine what would be best in my eyes, A supportive relationship is wholeness where you back up the persons ideas and actions. I believe a tutor must always have a supportive relationship with their boss in order to enforce rules in the piece of cash in ones chips. If the manager does not enforce their executive programs rules then things would go very do by.A defensive relationship is something we see very often because we all have different opinions. In the workplace especially when working in the healthc be ambit be defensive can be mistaken for aggression. Having a defensive relationship means that although you work together you have different views and they are expressed. I had a meeting last week where I actually had to speak defensively towards t he CEO of the company. Our quota was being held against us in a manner that I did not agree with and I advised the manager.Since she did not acknowledge my suggestion I brought it up in our meeting and not only was I acknowledged our quotas are being reviewed. Part of being a successful communicator whether it is defensive or supportive is being forceful. Being assertive is essential in our daily lives especially in the workplace. There are plenty of times when we are trying to submit claims to the insurance company but they require more(prenominal) information. Many times we try to request more information such as letter of medical necessities from the doctors and they disclaim because they feel they documented enough.Because we work for them we are not allowed to tell them what to do but this is when being assertive comes in. You advise the doctor that the insurance company is requesting more information than what is in the medical records and that if the letter is not done b y a certain time the insurance company will not dedicate for the services that were rendered. Being assertive means being straight forward and strong with your style of communication without being aggressive or demeaning. Being assertive is like demanding something without the umpgh.I believe I effectively communicate within my interpersonal relationships. I always am assertive when speaking. I stand my solid ground and found my point clear and aggression is rarely ever used. I do defend my ideas and my points fully with everyone I speak to. Even at ingleside I do not yell at my son unless he has done something truly incorrect. I always talk to him and show him right from wrong and explain why things should be done a certain way. Interpersonal relationships are essential in life.We all need to work together in our everyday lives in order to accommodate one another and not to offend anyone. In the healthcare field we all have the same goals and that is to make sure that the patie nt gets the care they need while the insurance companies pay the claims for our doctors. The healthcare field is filled with interpersonal relationships. We all depend on one another in order to do our job correctly. The doctor needs the nurse the nurse needs the front desk and everyone needs the billers. In the healthcare field we must use our confidence in order to be assertive.Being confident means knowing and standing for what you believe is right and expressing that. Being assertive means standing your ground without proof and without being aggressive. Although I believe being assertive works much better when there is proof because it shows that you researched what you are discussing. Assertiveness is a need in any field because you must speak your mind in order to communicate effectively and if you work in the healthcare field than being assertive will make you a very successful healthcare professional.

Development During Early Adolescence Essay

Can these changes have a significant impact on a variety of raisemental outcomes of identity, deterrent exampleity, intonational phases, offshoot of puberty and the skilful commitment to an boastful social role, and sexual maturity? Hence, because of the potential impact of these changes, it is important to understand the cycles of adolescents. Life has store many surprises for us as we develop throughout our whole life span. Developmental stages are the progress that occurs in humans from the time they are born until they mount old and die.Originally beginning with infants and children, development will subsequently progress into adolescence, followed by adult, and lastly elderly. The development occurs in many fields, namely physical, perceptual, cognitive, moral and social. Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, excited and social development.Who considers adolescence to be the period between 10-19 long time of age, which generally encompasses the time from the beginning of puberty to the full legal age. The early adolescent developmental period is when individuals follow out many changes, including the biological changes associated with puberty, important changes in relations with family and companions, and the social and educational changes related to transition from elementary to middle school (Wigfield, Byrnes, & Eccles, 2002). The biological changes that occur at early adolescence are dramatic, as anyone working with this age group knows (Susman & Rogel, 2004).Pubertal developments, the timings of puberty is quite different for girls and boys girls enter puberty approximately 18 months before boys do, which means that during early adolescence, girls matur e faster. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or practically nonexistent, depending on the culture of their society. Adolescence is somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is in any case the period of life between the beginning of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role, such as worker or parent. It is filled with continuous change, uncertainty, but it can be wonderful and full of expectation.Ein truththing a child learned to moot is suddenly challenged. One day you are a foxy child that everybody seemed to adore, and the next day your skin and body are changing. Adolescence is a challenging period for both children and their parents. Three stages of adolescence early, middle, and late, are experienced by virtually teens, but the age at which each stage is reached varies greatly from child to child. These different rates of maturation are connected to physical development and ductless gland balance, neither of which the child can control.For this reason, adolescents should be treated as individuals and any guidelines should be modified to the particular child. It is very common to come across belief swings in this stage of development. Gene Roland Medinnus and Ronald C. Johnson state that during adolescence, children develop the ability to Understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies, including rights and privileges embed and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited. Move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their target Question old values without losing their identity Adolescence begins when signs of sexual maturity begin to occur in both physical and social development and ends when the individual assumes adult roles and is concerned in most ways as an adult by his reference group. Female friendships are one of the most important dimensions of an adolescent girls life. Peer relationships and friendships are critica l in the developing adolescents identity, behaviors, and overall health.These peer connections influence all areas of development including emotional, physical, spiritual, social, and cognitive. The movie compressed Girls addresses social behaviors and experiences that are common in feminine peer relationships throughout the adolescent years. Mean Girls has brought attention to girls mean behaviors and portrays a dark side of womanish peer relationships, in which girls act as bullies and use relationships to express anger or power through rumors, exclusion, secrets, or gossip.This movie shows the significant role that female peer relationships play. The athleticsctions of peer relationships in adolescence are to help support adolescents at a time when they are challenged with many new experiences, to encourage the development of emotional autonomy, to enable teens to form deeper forms of intimacy that will be needed in adulthood, and to improve social skills. Positive peer relat ionships cause less anxiety and first gear in adolescents where as negative peer relationships may place an individual at risk for maladjustment.Adolescents who are generally disliked, aggressive, disruptive and cannot establish themselves in the peer culture are developmentally at risk. Having friends and peer acceptance are generally related to school competence, higher egotism-esteem, and better adjustments. Adolescence is a transitional stage of human development that occurs between childhood and adulthood. Teenagers (ages 13-19 years) are usually adolescent, though in some individual, puberty may extent a few years beyond the teenage years, and in some individuals puberty begins in the pre-teen years.Because adolescents are experiencing various strong cognitive and physical changes, for the first time in their lives they may start to view their friends, their peer group, as more important and influential than their parents. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the word c ognition as the mental ferment of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment (Cognition). Because of peer compress, they may sometimes indulge in activities not deemed socially acceptable. What is Peer Pressure?Peer imperativeness is the social pressure from friends or other people to accept certain beliefs or act in certain ways in order to be accepted. How and wherefore do we get peers pressure? Everyone gives into peer pressure at one time or another, but why do people sometimes do things they didnt want to do? Here are a few reasons. They are afraid of being rejected by others, want to be like and dont want to lose a friend, want to appear grown up, dont want to be made fun of, friends have a big influence on our lives, but sometimes they push us to do things we may not want to do.The first measuring stick to standing up to peer pressure is to understand it. The four main types of peer pressure is 1. Rejection threatening to end a frien dship or relationship. This pressure can be hard to resist as nobody wants to lose friends. 2. Reasoning telling a person reasons why they should try something or why it would be okay if they did it i. e. your parents would never find out. Identity is made of what drives an individual, the abilities they have, what they believe, and their personal history (Marcia, 1980). Identity is one of the main struggles in an adolescents life.It is very important that children receive the proper steerage while entering their adolescence from their parents and peers. Although they like to believe that they are capable of developing on their own, adolescents need parental guidance to develop their path of identity development. The relationship between a child and a parent plays an important role with an adolescent and his or her decisions about sex. (Chapman, Werner-Wilson 2008). devotion can be defined as the distinction between what is right and wrong or what is good and bad.Although, moral reasoning depends on culture which akes it herculean to define most people dont look at where these principles are coming from or what guides one through moral development. As children grow and learn, usually from care takers and people who inspire their every need, their morality changes based on several levels. Although researching of moral development goes as far back as Socrates, there are two psychologists that studied morality in depth and they are Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget was a cognitive developmental psychologist spending most of his time working with children and adolescents, including his own.Although, Piagets observation of moral development wasnt in depth like Kohlberg, he allowed for a basic understanding. He believed that moral development occurred in stages. Piaget strongly believed in education and thought interaction in an education setting allowed children maximum potential in cognitive development. Piaget believed in many things, but when i t came to moral development there were only two basic principles. The first principle was that children develop moral ideas in stages and could not swerve stages, although movement from one stage to the other could vary in length.Lastly he believed that children create their own perception of their world, including whether their actions enforce what is morally right or wrong. Piagets ideas of moral realism and morality of cooperation play a role in Kohlbergs theory. Children in Piagets stage of moral realism believe that rules are absolute and cant be changed. Punishment should be determined by how much damage is done, and the intention of the child is not interpreted into account. A child has many milestones to reach through adolescence. The success of these milestones depends on normal development. Milestones can be challenging regardless of age and size.However, some children experience abnormal development and also delays. Detecting signs of abnormal development in certain age groups requires an understanding of development milestones. There for this leads us to the major physical, cognitive, self made motivational experience of adolescents that are a variety of developmental outcomes of identity, morality, transitional stages, beginnings of puberty and the full commitment to an adult social role, and sexual maturity.

Goodbye To All That Essay

In the account, Robert sculpt stated how his feel has been influenced by the two sides of his family. He had a very strong drive to succeed and possessed great intelligence, which basing on his statement, were his fathers greatest influence in him. Good affair that Robert sculpt realize decided to write a novel of his account in France, be face if he did not, there get out be no compilation of stories that war-related account readers will be spending time with. On Arrival In FranceThis chapter is a detailed anecdote about the intensity felt by the un fill-inricted during the First World War. He provided a clear depiction of what took place during the war, and gave a narrative visualization of the images prevalent in a war regulate and the feelings that haunted the people including the nemesiss of explosions and the fear of death which were rampant during the period. As a poet, he worked hard to enable himself in providing a clear depiction of the war stories, however, his c apacity is entirely limited to what he had seen and drived.Being a journalist is an entirely different profession from a poet, however, Grave proved the mutual tendency and passion of both profession. In this light, I would make a comparative analysis mingled with the works of Robert Graves and Joseph Lee Galloway, an American newspaper columnist, who was the unless civilian present in the Vietnam War. Both of the two writers had proven their courage as civilians living amidst the war.The career of Galloway, as depicted in the movie We Were Soldiers was a clear narration of the entire war scene, the feelings that were involved as he experienced violence in the substance of the war. On the other(a) hand, Graves autobiography successfully touched his readers minds in his poetic way of stressing out the value of life, especially when under grave threats against life during the war era. His courage was most tried at times when he had to stick to his decision that he ought to pu rsue his passion and continue fulfilling his profession even if it meant risking his own life in the middle of the war.Though he wasnt literally fighting, he acted as a soldier in much(prenominal) a way that he was fighting for his life just to enable himself in providing the people with the most hazardous pieces of information and valuable lessons that were taught during war experiences. Also in this chapter, he showed a distinct psychological capability of a poet in carefully observing the natural tendency of the soldiers to act calmly while their insides were rattling at the commencement of the war. He justifiably narrated the real feelings of the soldiers as they faced the dangers implicated during the war.They never sang out of tune was an emotional attack to a readers heart (Graves, Robert, pass to All That). After Grave said that the soldiers were a bit frightened or nervous at the moment, they never sang out of tune. He maintain the justifiable manner at which the soldi ers courage were supposed to be appreciated. He magnified the idea that though these soldiers were indeed afraid and trembling at the threat of dying, and the hollow future of their families at the pain of losing, still these soldiers didnt back off at the brink of danger.Instead, they continued fighting notwithstanding the fears, pain and danger that were accustomed to their jobs. Guns in the Distance The difference of opinionfield was a mere case of survival of the fittest. All around, soldiers were ready for the mesh and all of them kept hold of their totally partners during the war guns, ammunitions, bombs, grenades and other destructive weapons that were used by both sides. As the mere sound of explosions caused the soldiers to feel the danger and seek for refuge, they had learned all the tactics to preserve their lives.Consequently though, they were able to transform the fear into something that was fun, and something that calmed them down rather than causing even more th reats and disturbance in them. The Trench Danger was all over and the trench was their only refuge. It served as their only furnish against all the atrocities and dangers from the enemies. However, the tranquility they felt in the place wasnt enough to keep them from all the dangers of the war. death was a presence though least welcomed, most prevalent in the war zone. And neither the shelter provided by trenches was enough to secure the soldiers from dying.The trench gives a soldier a chance to live semipermanent, but he must suffer the consequences of being with it. He has to be strong enough to soak his feet to the laden and slippery trench. He has to be careful of the holes right and left, to the low and high wires of the field telephones and to the deep areas in the trench. He must be alert, cautious and upset of all the bullets coming from anywhere, because bullets does not choose who to kill. It does not know who it wants to land on, to whose body or head or face. It ju st blows inside you and stops you from thinking, and feeling, and breathing.Moreover, the life in trench though provided a home for the soldier, was the least safe and comfortable amongst all the places disrupted by war. It would not keep them away from bullets, shells and other explosives that endangers adult male life. And though there were discomforts within the trench that had seemed to devoid the place of its tranquility, the trench was a place to hide even though it danger itself is inculcated within its borders. Battalion Headquarters There lies a great difference between the battalion headquarters and the trench.Wherein trench did not provide them enough protection and shelter from bullets and explosions, coupled with the discomfort within the area the battalion headquarter was a comfortable place wherein the menace of the war was less visible and felt. However, ordinary soldiers did not experience comfort and luxuries that the place could offer. Rather, high ranking mili tary officials were the ones who enjoyed the high life of such place. It was a clear irony. The soldiers who were fighting face to face against death lived with fear, exhaustion and restlessness.They lived through with(predicate) the war with a miserable condition poor shelter, less time to feed themselves, and even lesser time to allow their bodies and minds to rest. And the foods they eat were not nicely cooked. Soldiers lived with all the discomfort, difficulties, inconvenience and troubles. While on the other hand, those high ranked military officials who are not veneer the dangers of the open war enjoyed all the luxury and favors that they could avail of. They are not suffering the fear of dying because they were sheltered safe from all the atrocities of the war.The irony lies in the mere fact that those who are risking their lives and facing bullets and bombs most of the lives suffered from discomfort and danger while there were those military officials who did not fight am idst the battle were the ones enjoying the favors that life could offer them. There is also an acquainted approximation about how soldiers in the battle and the soldiers out in the battle be ca-cas in front of the officers. When Graves narrated the time when they have passed through the group of men in the battalion headquarters, he is sure that the group were aware that they were officials, but they did not make any recognition.In the trenches, soldiers know how to honor them. They even call Graves Sir, and gives recognition to the officers. They are well-disciplined, and yet, they are those in the danger zone. Did the war zone discipline them? If it did, then maybe it is better to put this group of soldiers in the battle field to cultivate a disciplined attitude. How was that? The Only Survivors Only the survivors of the battle were the ones who gained honors and established good reputations for themselves because they had the capability of passing their stories onto other people .They were able to narrate how they have lived their lives during the onset of the war. However, people had forgotten those who heroically died during the battle. Commemoration of the soldiers who died in the battlefield had been less probable because during this time, only those who survived became the center of attention amongst the civilians. And the tasks of remembering the courageous acts of those who did not survive were only left amongst the families of the non survivors.The heroism of these people had sour a mere representation of a distinct part of the history, rather than heroism remembered and commemorated. wherefore how to survive in the battle anyway? When in the trenches, it is cold, no good foods, no rest, no peace of mind how are they about to survive in that kind of living? Does the survival of the fittest also mean surviving from cold, bacterias and viruses? We all know soldiers do not mind how far they could be dirty or gross, because all they have in mind is to stop the enemy from fighting and to battle against them.It is not part of their mission to have a sensitive paunch when they joined the military. If they need to eat the soil, they will, in order to survive in the battle. Half of the soldiers were lost because of coldness. They suffer severe rheumatism, or being frost-bitten. But those sufferings will not be acknowledged when they died. Only those who survived will get the great reputations. Only the fittest has the right to be accustomed. Those who died will just be part of the history. How drab Our Timetable Two hours? Is that a sleep or just a nap?.In this chapter, Graves illustrated the dedication those soldiers had for the sake of their duties. Their lives at the middle of the battlefield was fagged with rifles, grenades, bullets, bombs and other ammunitions with little time left for eating, sleep and rest. They have to work all day and night, with only two hours of sleep. Yes, they still have two hours to rest their minds and bodies, but do we think they could really rest in that situation? No, because they should be always alert in anything to happen because their lives are always at the risk and danger.In addition, the just time left for them to rest was spent in more desolation and increased vigilance that rendered them the incapability of spending that scarce amount of time for the rest needed by their body. Thus, rest became an abstract concept for them. For resting shall render them complacency that might induce more danger for their lives and the cause that they were fighting for. They could not rest for once, for there is a tendency that they will never wake forever. A Soldiers Death This chapter was highlighted by Graves anecdotes on the deaths of particular soldiers.The deaths by these soldiers were far worse than the deaths in the middle of the war. These deaths were more tragic. Soldiers decided to end their agony by suicide. The whole depiction of the battle was more engrossed in the mer e fact that most of the soldiers faltered and lost their hopes. And it was more awful that these incidents were not properly documented and reported. Military officials didnt have much of the courage to honestly admit that the emotional burdens caused by the war was far worse than the physical exhaustion that it imposed amongst the soldiers.Thus they made absurd accounts and fake letters and reports that were given to the families of the soldiers who committed suicide. How many soldiers have those kinds of stories? We do not know. We can not guess. Kill the Lice The life of the lice is like the life of the soldiers. save as invaluable and ambiguous. Which was better to kill, the young ones or the old ones? Just like them, soldiers were killing soldiers of the enemy. But they did not care who they had killed, young or old. What only matters was that they were able to defend their cause. Killing has been their lives.Humans are like lice, living in the world, from birth to death. It matters not who shall die first, the same way that a longer life was only out of sheer luck. For normal people who does not understand the lifestyle of the soldiers, life is not compared with lices life. Being a human is far different from being lice. But for a soldier who lives like lice, there is a great similarity. Seems like there is nothing different between them. Live today, die tomorrow with any cause, nice or worst. In the life of a soldier, their life is ambiguous. Just like lices Gas, Sir, Gas It was such a sudden false alarm.For the lower ranked soldiers, every sign of enemys attack meant danger, and they were supposed to do something about it. But on the part of the high-profiled officers, everything was just common scenario. The gas alarm was not a thing to apprehend the officers, because they knew how to analyze the situation. Their knowledge and experiences in every battle taught them how to defend on such situations. For the common soldiers, it was panic but for the officers who could sense the attack, there wasnt any reason to get alarmed because they were ready for it. Thus, I would ordain that Robert Graves is a very intelligent writer.His writings really made sense and I do not doubt why he had become a legendary figure in the world of literary. Goodbye To All That was a great success in touching the lives of his readers and generating a dramatic empathy towards anyones emotions. He wrote all his war anecdotes because he wanted to forget and let go of all the disturbing experiences of the war. He discovered secrets, experienced many difficulties, he was a witness on many painful suffering and deaths. And as such, he wanted to forget these experiences, but he wanted to share everything that he was has learned through all these experiences.

Piezoelectricity as a Future Energy Source

Power Sector Reforms Issues And Challenges A Report On Piezoelectricity As a future nada source Submitted by Nikhil Gupta (5th Sem) Mechanical Engg. Dept. , JEC,Jabalpur Abstract The Future Smart House is going to have a large derive of sensors and microelectronic devices located throughout the house. These devices will need a clean, reliable source of energy that wont need constant maintenance.The goal of this fib is to get aw arness close the piezoelectric energy sources to provide authority to certain coatings in the house. Initially the researchers were planning to create an energy scavenging floor that employ piezoelectric transducers to harvest wasted energy in the foundation garment strike of a human being. In consideration of the high cost and minimal force out output of these piezo-sources, it seems more feasible to create small, localized energy sources rather than one large unified system. This idea has hand to some(prenominal) potential applications.The firs t of all is to combine a piezoelectric power source with sensors such that at that place would be no need to ever change the batteries in these sensors. The next application is to use piezoelectric cable throughout the floors of the house as a means of spark advanceing. The final application is to combine piezoelectrics with a device to eliminate vibrations in household appliances. Introduction So generally Piezoelectric Energy gather is based upon the piezoelectric effect. The essence of the piezoelectric effect works as follows by applying a mechanical stress to a crystal, one slew generate a voltage or potential energy difference, and thus a afoot(predicate). excessively by applying a current to a piezoelectric one can stress or strain the material. The mechanical stress can be supplied by any source. But with so many people walking around from place to place, why not harness that kinetic energy to power stuff, rightfulness? Technical Overview Piezoelectric materials exhibi t the unique property known as the piezoelectric effect. When these materials are subjected to a compressive or tensile stress, an electric field is generated crossways the material, creating a voltage gradient and a subsequent current flow. This effect stems from the asymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress is applied.As seen in Figure 1, the unit cell contains a small positively charges particle in the center. When a stress is applied this particle becomes shifted in one elbow room which creates a charge distribution, and subsequent electric field. These materials come in several different forms. The most common is crystals, but they are also found as plastics and ceramics. picpic Fig. 1 Lead Zirconate Titanate unit cell Existing Technologies There are several companies and research institutes throughout the world who are focusing on determination useful applications for piezoelectric energy sources.Several years ago a project was done at MIT entitled, Energy Scavengi ng with Shoe-Mounted Piezoelectrics. In this project the researchers lined the throne of a shoe with piezoelectric transducers and saw what kind of power they got out of it. They eventually attached an RF-transmitter to the shoe that was powered by the piezoelectrics. The two materials they used were polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Their initial results were that the PVDF material produced 1. 3 mW per foot strike and the PZT produced around 8. 4 mW.They went back and tried numerous other approaches but they were confined to working with the boundary of a shoe. In this report they hinted at the fact that much great power output could be achieved if they were not confined to working with a shoe. another(prenominal) company that is looking into using piezoelectric sources to power networks of wireless sensors is MicroStrain Inc. This company specializeup an experiment where piezoelectric transducers were attached to the support beams in a structure . As the structure was constantly under strain, the voltage created by the piezoelectrics was stored up in a capacitor.Once the capacitor voltage reached a certain level, the power was than transferred to a transmitter which sent a wireless designate to some receiver. It was reported that the cycle conviction was about 20 to 80 gages to store up a charge of 9. 5 V on the capacitor given the size of the piezoelectric was 17 cm2. A German based company called EnOcean already has a commercially available product. The slogan for this company is no batteries and no wires. They create products that use piezoelectric transducers to power RF transmitters.One particular product is a unfounded switch that requires no wiring at all. Behind the actual switch is a piezoelectric transducer. When the light switch is flipped, this motion is used by the transducer to power the RF transmitter, which signals the receiver on the actual light to turn on. This would be an interesting technology to d emonstrate in the house because it enables you to have light switches on places you never could before such as on a window or outside in the middle of the yard. Two other companies, Ferro Solutions Inc. and Continuum assert Corp. make small ambient energy harvesting sources. Ferro Solutions makes a product called the Energy Harvester. This little device about the size of two AA batteries contains an electromagnetic root inside. There are two magnets and in between them is a coil of wire. When vibrations cause the coil of wire to move around in the magnetic field, current is generated in the wire. This small energy source could be used in place of batteries or as a means to recharge batteries. The device supplies about 1 to 10 mW of power and the company is looking to license this echnology to wireless sensor companies. Continuum Control Corp. makes two different products called the PiezoFlex and the iPower Generator. The PiezoFlex is a new type of piezoelectric material that is bo th flexible and robust. At the same time it also cheaper to manufacture than most other piezoelectric materials. The second product, the iPower Generator contains a piezoelectric transducer that converts mechanical input into electric output. This product was used was used as a backup energy source in an Antarctic Expedition several years ago.The device has a crank and as you turn it, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. At the MIT Media Lab, researchers in the Responsive Environments Group created a piezoelectric floor called the Magic Carpet. This floor contained a grid of piezoelectric cables spaced 4 apart. The goal of this project was to create a floor that could track the movements of the person walking across it. This technology was then combined with lights and sound such that depending on where you walked a different sound would play. Today you can decide examples of the magic carpet in some of the museums at MIT.A similar project was done at Georgi a Tech. At Georgia Tech they create a Smart Floor that used piezoelectrics as sensing devices to monitor and predict when people were walking across it. They could predict with about 90% the true what person was walking across the floor just given the way the piezoelectrics reacted to their foot strike. Application to Residential There are several ways to structured piezoelectric technology into a residential setting. The first would be to use small piezoelectric sources in the place of batteries.These piezoelectric sources could be used to power sensors throughout the house so that the batteries would never need to be changed. Another application was proposed by MIT researchers. Their idea was to use piezoelectric materials to cancel out vibrations in certain household appliances. They envisioned a device that could autonomously adapt the amount of dampening based on the magnitude of the vibrations. They proposed that first the device be reinforced with a battery power source an d eventually switch to an energy source that converted the vibrations into energy using either piezo or electromagnetic generators.Their second idea was the opposite of the first rather than cancel the vibrations, you would enhance them. This idea originated from the fact that subwoofers only go down to about 20 Hz, yet the electrical signal coming from the actual media contains frequencies below 20 Hz. These signals are too low for us to hear, but they can be converted into vibrations. For example when there is an explosion in a movie, there are frequencies below 20 Hz, but the subwoofer cant make a sound with that long of a wavelength.If you were to install proof mass actuators into the floor of the media room, whenever there was a signal below 20 Hz, these actuators would respond accordingly and literally shake the room.. The next set of applications would involve piezoelectric cable. Piezoelectric cable behaves much the same way as flat piezoelectric transducers only the cable i s much cheaper. The cable resembles the monetary standard coaxial cable that plugs into the TV, but the piezo cable has a layer of piezoelectric polymer wrapped into it.This cable could be used to create a grid across the floor that could generate power from people walking across it, or the more viable purpose would be for tracking. These cables come with varying degrees of sensitivity. The cable could be used to track both the location and the orientation of a person in the house. Based on the way they walk, the floor might also be able to identify who the person is. Design The major obstacle in designing your own piezoelectric circuit is finding a way to maximise the power output.The major components involved in this circuit would be an AC/DC rectifier, a filter capacitor, and a DC-DC converter. The AC/DC rectifier converts the AC signal from the piezo-source into DC current. The filter capacitor smoothes electrical flow and the DC-DC converter is what allows the battery to stor e the energy. Most of the power conversion comes into play in the DC-DC converter. Fig. 2 adaptational Energy Harvesting Circuit Recently in a paper published in Power Electronics entitled Adaptive Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuit for Wireless Remote Power Supply, esearchers found a way to increase power output by roughly 400% compared to when a converter is not used. They used an adaptive control technique in the converter that adjusts itself to find the optimal power transfer options for every moment. Last year, MIT created a frame-up to demonstrate the power output you could achieve using the vibrations in a plane wing. They didnt use piezoelectrics, but rather electromagnetic generators. Regardless, the circuit for capturing and storing the energy would still be the same. He still has the circuit and is willing to let us use it in designing a piezoelectric energy source. cloak Results From the study of a project report undertaken in MIT a circuit was modeled. The circuit used a piezoelectric transducer as the voltage source which than feed into an op amp. The purpose of the circuit was to provide a voltage gain of 100. The simulation results proved that the op amp did in fact multiply the voltage from the piezo-transducer by a factor of 100. Unfortunately, in the program they could not find an actual piezo-transducer so they had to model it with an ideal voltage source with an estimated equivalent Thevenin resistance.They considered this project a victor on the grounds that it proved that piezo-transducers can in fact act as voltage sources. It also showed that the voltage provided by the transducer can be calculate by several orders of magnitude using certain circuits. This circuit essentially failed to answer the real question of what kind of maximum power one can get out of the piezo-transducer. A final word on piezoelectricity as a future energy source In the near future, the lights at your favorite coffee shop or the stereo system at your l ocal bar could very well be powered by foot traffic.If we want to maintain a certain lifestyle in an increasingly competitive, resource strapped world, we need to think outside the box when it comes to energy production. There are a million sources of clean, environmentally conscious power all around us, we just have to explore and utilize these sources in the most efficient elan possible. Ambient energy capture will no doubt play a large part in the future of renewable energy, and theres no time like the present to work on developing new, innovative means of electricity generation. I feel confident in saying that the world of tomorrow looks pretty bright, both literally and figuratively.

Nectar in a Sieve

D AP World History Theme Analysis Our world is impacted by many things. neighborly structures, politics, economics, the environment, and our interactions affect how we have intercourse. They create the history of our world. In bitterweed in a Sieve, many of these themes are represented. Gender roles and relations sacrifice always had an impact in societies. Men often believe they have the upper hand over women. It shows in the way females are treated. When Rumi was married to Nathan, she had to leave her family and go to his land.He didnt have to live where show comfortable or on a neutral territory. Young women are often uprooted from their family and rarely see them again. When Ira had a pincer out of wedlock, she was looked down upon by many. However when a man does the same, there is no judgment and criticism. Nate impregnated Kunthi twice yet Rumi took him back without a problem (p. 84-85) sylvan and pastoral productions are the center of life for millions of humans. The s ame can be said for the characters in Nectar in a Sieve.In the village, farming is how most survive. They live off the land. Without the land, theres no income or food. They sell their crops, give their profit to the landlord, and save a portion of the crops for their families. Rumi and Nathan grow a variety of crops. When nature doesnt work in their favor, their lives become difficult. Often the crops are ruined by droughts. During these times everyone struggles to survive. Rumis family became malnourished when the rains didnt deliver. Her son, Kuti died from starvation. p. 99-100) The importance of the land is shown when they drift off their land and homelessness is forced upon them. (p. 130-135) Land represented hope for Rumi. (p. 132) Without agriculture, the villagers would not survive. Trade and commerce is one of the main ways humans gain what they need. In Nectar in a Sieve, trade controls who has what and who survives. The tannery is the center of commerce. Villagers come to buy and bargain. As the years past, Rumi watches the tannery change, for worst in her opinion.It becomes harder to sell, trade, and buy because the economics of village change as new people move in. The tannery is looked at as the place of money so two of her sons get jobs there. Rumi resents the tannery because it represents change that she feels is not needed. Although themes look complicated on paper, they fit perfectly into our world and the world in Nectar in a Sieve. Male and females have double standards. Agriculture is the basis of life and natural selection in the village. Trade and commerce help villagers make money and get necessities to survive. These themes translate into real life.

Tennessee Temple

Islam is the religion articulated by the playscript, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the single incomparable deity and by the Islamic prophet Muhammads demonstrations and real-life examples. The word Islam is a homograph, having multiple meanings which are directly interpret as peace. Other meanings include submission or the gist surrender of oneself to God. The origin of Islam dates back to the creation of the world. All the prophets who came to this world preached the same message of believing in one God and to accept them as His messenger.The prophets were alike blessed with a manifestation of divine will or truth. Likewise, Prophet Mohammad was also a messenger of God. He revealed the truth and the way of life finished the Holy Quran. Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad, the Arab society was sunk into darkness. Although the Arabs believed in the unity of God, but they also claimed that God has entrusted His duties to various gods, goddesses and idols. For this purpose, they had more than 360 idols. They considered apotheosiss as the daughters of God. They were imbruted of social values. They were nomadic pot who were dependent on cattle for their living.There was no government or law. All power existed with the rich. The society was full of inhumanity and brutality. Tribes fought with each other over trivial matters for centuries. A slight argument over horses or water could lead to the slaughtering of thousands of innocent deal. It was the birth of Prophet Mohammad in 570 A. D in the city of Makkah which brought a revolution to the entire fate of the nomadic Arabs. He became famous among the people of Makkah at a very primordial age because of his each(prenominal)egiance and reliability. He was widely known as Al-Ameen or honest, trus 2rthy. At the age of 40, when Mohammad was meditating at Mt. Hera, he received a revelation from God. The angel Gabriel said to him, Iqra which means to read. Mohammad replied I canno t read. Gabriel embraced and released him. Then the first five verses of God were revealed to him who said, Recite in the name of your Lord who created He created man, bulge out of a (mere) cloth of congealed blood. Recite and thy Lord is most bountiful. He who had taught by the pen, taught man what he knew not. Mohammad started proclaiming the message of believing in one God. The people who once called him Trus cardinalrthy and Honest boycotted and plotted to kill him.In 622 A. D. , due to worsening living conditions and social isolation, was broken in 629 A. D by the non-Muslims of the Makkans. Mohammad locomote towards Makkah with 10,000 men and the battle was won without a single Prophet Mohammad migrated to Medina along with his followers. This flight was known as Hijrah and marks the beginning of the Muslims calendar. Mohammads message spread rapidly and the number of followers increase in Medina. During the next few years, a series of battles were fought between various t ribes of Makkah and the Muslims of Medina. In 628 A. D, the Treaty of Hudaibiyah was signed between the two parties. Truce was declared for 10 years. The treaty bloodshed. Mohammad died in 632 A. D, at the age of 63 in the city of Medina. Mohammads death brought a huge catastrophe among Muslims. plenty could not believe that Mohammad had left them forever. Many of the followers were perplexed and distraught, and claimed him to be still living. At that magazine Mohammad funeral, Abu Bakr, who was the most respected of all the followers corroborate that, O people, those of you who worshipped Mohammad, Mohammad has died.And those of you who worshipped God, God is still living. Now being a Muslim requires that they read their Quran or their bible. Reading The Quran is the treatment of God to Islam. About 4/5 the length of the New Testament. Muslims believe the identical book is in Heaven and Allah sent the angel Gabriel to Mohammed to reveal his vocalise. The Quran is divided into 114 chapters or Surahs. The Surahs are revelations given to Mohammed during his 23 years of Prophet Hood from 610 AD to 632 AD. The Quran, composed during Mohammeds lifetime corresponds to the time and lot of his life.The Surahs or chapters can be divided into three time periods. The earliest Surahs are the shortest and known as Early Meccan, and date from 610 to 622 AD. Composed in Mecca, precedent to Hejira where Mohammed fled to Medina in September 622 AD. The Median Surahs were composed during the time Muslims controlled the city of Medina. They date from 622 to 630 AD. The doctrine of Jihad was introduced as war was waged against Mecca and its idol worshipers. Animosity toward the Jews and Christians increased as they rejected Mohammed as a prophet from God.Late Meccan Surahs were between 630 and 632 AD. The last 2 years of Mohammeds life after Mecca surrendered to his authority. Surahs were at this time not collected in one book but were memorized and collected on various it ems. In the battle of Yamamah in 633 AD many of the Hafiz died. The Hafiz were Muslims who had commit much of the Quran to memory. With the urging of Umar, Zayd ibn Thabit, one of Mohammed most trusted secretaries was appointed to the task of collecting the Quran into one book.Still later after contrary versions of the Quran began to appear Zayd was put in charge of collecting all the Qurans throughout the Muslim world and issuing an authorized copy in the buttocks of ones collected. The Quran makes the appeal to its beauty and consistency with previous scriptures as proof of its inspiration. The teaching of Quran and Hadith (sayings of Prophet Mohammad) revolves around two Arabic words namely, Emaan (Faith) and Amaal (Acts). Emaan is like the roots of a tree and Amaal are the stems, leaves or other parts of it.Just as without the roots, the tree cannot survive, similarly, without faith, the acts are useless. The teachings of Quran emphasize mostly on the beliefs and an overview the acts, whereas the Hadith explains both beliefs and acts in details. Muslims believe that although there may be reservations in the Hadith, but Quran is free from all the mistakes and is infallible. Quran is comprised of 114 Surahs (chapters) and 6236 Ayats (verses). Quran was preserved through writing and memorization. Undoubtedly, today Quran is the only book which is fully memorized by more than 10 million people all over the world.The teachings of Quran confirm the revelations of other books and scriptures on various prophets. But, at the same time, all these books are considered to be corrupted with time and do not contain the original script of God. The six articles of faith are the main doctrines of Islam. All Muslims share beliefs in God, Angels, Scriptures, Prophets, Resurrection and Divine Creed. They also believe in the five pillars of faith. These are duties each Muslim performs to demonstrate his or her faith. They include Testimony of Faith, Prayer, Almsgiving, Fast ing and Pilgrimage or taking a trip somewhere.

The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 26. Awakening

The constant drone of the machines go along to echo by my psyche as the evening street lights casted shadows through the hospital room. Rene refused to impart Bellas fount for any period of time. I allow her see my s feast next to Bella but continue to stay in the room, sit in the corner lie downfully listening to Renes models whirl through her child like spirit. She was unlike Bella in perpetuallyy port she even sensed danger when it came to the Cullens, unlike Bella.My poor fumblewhat time is it? She looked towards the clock. Eleven. Charlie should be here shortly. Im breathing out to lay down to retain a talk with him. Her thoughts then became a little disjointed in anger as she thought of her young woman falling mess dickens sets of stairs because she had run by from Forks. Forks, she scoffed internally. I knew this wasnt a good idea. I warned her. I told her she didnt have to leave. What var. of m some other am I to condemn my child to a place like Forks?I gnoring her constant prattling, I continued to stare, fixated on Bella, waiting for her eye to open, uncoerced them to just flutter. I couldnt see the clock that was all every(prenominal)where my head, but I was counting every flash as they passed. It was easy to keep track because my all focal point was Bella and how long she had been devoid of consciousness. It had now been exactly 39,9828384 seconds since we arrived at the hospital.Her center thrummed evenly as her scent was beginning to easy return to her. The sweet nectar that was her life filled the room with the delicious aroma. Craving the sweetness, I brought the scent into my lungs, permitting my throat burst into flames.It was only two hours ago that she finished her second decline transfusion and I was afraid her scent would forever be a pitiful imitation of the luscious blood pulsating through her body. It snarl like my body was undergoing physical suffering owing to her condition. Her blood deficient was be cause of me a creature so monstrous that I preyed on this innocent creature by allowing her to become a part of my life. More than that, she was my life.My phone lightly vibrated in my jeans dismissal ?Cdistracting me from my internal torment and I pulled it come in to read a message from Alice.Just picked Charlie up from the airport. Will be there in fourteen minutes.Snapping my phone shut, I got up to move to Bellas other side. With her mother here, I kept my distance, not wanting to over step my bounds with a parental authority that I so recently metand in particular under these circumstances.Charlie will be here shortly. Carlisle and Alice just picked him up from the airport, I said lightly.Its well-nigh time. Thats good, her eyeball never left field Bellas strikingness.For over an hour in front now I was struggling to come over and talk with Rene. I wanted to flush out a good story to tell her about why we were here in the first place. She got the gist of the story fro m the doctor about her going through a window after falling buckwards two flights of stairs, but that was all.Mrs. Dwyer, I began.Such a gentlemanMrs. Dwyer. Her penetrating gaze moved from Bellas subject to mine. Her eyes wide-eyedned a little at my appearance. It eternally caught humans off guard, the little indications they didnt comprehend, no matter how many times theyd seen one of us before. She studied my face for only a brief second before she saw the grief that was displayed squarely on my face. Ignoring her senses she brought her thoughts to my expression. He really cares for her. He looks like he is going to cry.Rene, she corrected me.Yes, of course, Rene. I wanted to vindicate for this whole incident, I used my smoothest voice to ease her stress, one I retained for not alarming humans.This isnt your fault, she began, but her thoughts caught up to her mouth. What was he doing down here anyways? He didntfollow her did he? Hes not a stalkeris he? She tried to smile po litely but even without her thoughts as a guide I could have guessed what she was currently echoing.Her thoughts werent far off base. I was her vampire stalker, watching her sleep every night. I continued, not wanting to think that once she recovered, this would be the endno to a greater extent stealthily hiding in her room.Yes, it is my fault. I really care about your daughter, so please guess that I want the best for herWhy are you here? She blurted out.When I brought her home after playing baseball with my family she became upset. She really misses azimuth and after I confessed my feelings for her she became angry. The memory of her yelling at me flashed through my estimation. Though she was acting, it burned to hear her say goodbye and slam the door in my face which is ultimately my lash fear.His feelings? Hum, I wonder how much he actually cares for herI hope her actions arent because of memy pastbecause of my fear of her staying in Forks. Nope, not his faultmine, all mine . She stared at me with her eyes filling with the sorrow of her thoughts, so I went on, trying to distract her from her mental images. It was entirely my fault, not hers.When I found out she had run off to Arizonafrom a call she made to Alice, I had to fix it. Carlisle and Alice came with me to try and convince her to come patronise to Forks that we all loved and missed her.We all love her? Their descent is a little more intense than I realized. Rene speculated.She agreed to meet us at our hotel room but she never made it. Carlisle was actually in the hallway getting ice when he heard a loud crash. Alice and I heard it also, The look on my face showed pure agony at the thought, though this wasnt acting, this was how I truly felt. It was Bella she had tripped and gone through a window. We rushed to get Carlisle but he was already there. All three of us helped freeze the bleeding and get her to the hospital.Poor child. He must have been f castigateen out of his mind. Rene reached over to place her pot over mine. thank you for saving her.Thank Carlisle. Hes the doctor,Yes, but without you, he might not of been able to stop the bleeding in time, a tear slid down her face and the white blanket coat Bella now had a wet spot from the droplet.Edward, were here. Alice called out to me through her mind. I have to warn you, hes not happy. You might want to get out of there beforeThe door to the room flew open as Charlie came marching in, livid. His face was so screwed up in anger that all the blood had rushed to his face, coat it purple, like a radish with a sun burn.This is all your fault, he pointed a finger at my chest, coming closer and closer.I O.K. away from him, Im sorry. It was a pathetic attempt, but it was all I could think to say with him advancing on me. I nearly knocked over my tray of food nothing more than a prop, really, but my mind was in such anguish that I wasnt paying attention.No, this is my fault, Rene thought while stepping in between us. S he placed her hands on Charlies chest and began to push him towards the door.Mr. Swan, I I began.Rene interjected.Charlie, thats seemly. Lets talk outside, she commanded sternly.You wont ever see my daughter again. Do you understand? Charlie continued to shout at me as Rene continued to heave against him until he was outside of the door.His threat was unnecessary because I had to leave her to let her live a peaceful life without all the peril. I backed slowly into the corner, sitting down on the chair again. Bellas breath had picked up slightly the tempo of her heart increasing, like she could sense the tension in the room. ceremonial occasion her small chest lightly rise and fall with each breath, seeing the blood flow seamlessly through her translucent skin, listening to her heart which was echoed perfectly with the admonisher all just emphasized how delicate and precious she really was. I had to save her from the nightmarish creature I feared and loathed that ultimately made i t to the surface when I tasted the rich flavor of her blood. I was afraid that I wouldnt have enough discipline left to be around her forever. Would all my efforts fail?Pushing my ever increment thoughts of difference from my mind ?C fighting tooth and nail against what I didnt want to be I opened my mind to the conversation that was now existence shouted in the hall. Listening in on their conversation wasnt difficult in the least. They were moreover standing outside the door and with their raised voices it was loud enough that even the humans could hear it.Charlie, calm down right this instance Rene yelled at him.You left him in there with our daughter. She left because of him, he growled furiously with the protective concern, emitting a possessive edge in his thoughts.I could witness his livid expression through Renes human eyes. Not the best vision, but it would work. He was right, though she did leave because of me, because of the danger I placed her in. Looking at her limp form on the bed, her brown hair surrounding her glorious bruised face only brought more fear rippling and quivering through my still form. I was gasping at the air like Id been suffocated.No. She left because of me If she wasnt so scared to fall in love in Forks than she wouldnt have run away in the first place. This is my fault, not his. If you want to blame someone, blame me, she retorted.You didnt hear the way she yelled at him. I flinched at the memory, my nerves stretching tight ?C guitar strings, tensed to resonate at the gentlest of pressure. She was so angry and upset, his voice had lower some, noticing all the attention on them. Charlie hated attention as much as Bella did. Wait, did you say love?Rene eyed the door automatically, picturing my tortured face in her mind. Yes. I believe he loves her, she murmured.Well he stuttered. That still doesnt matterThey were trying to help. You know our daughter, she is very clumsy. If it didnt happen now it probably would have happene d in the future. Its better if it is when a qualified emergency room doctor is around, Rene rubbed his shoulders. I could hear her impatience at her ex-husband.Dr. Jones was still on duty and over heard part of the conversation in the hall. Must be her father the way he was yelling. He walked towards them. Hello, Im Dr. Jones. I am the one who worked on your daughter this afternoon.A nurse had followed behind him and entered the room. She began taking Bellas vitals, not even realizing I was sitting in the corner. Her thoughts concentrated on the information she was writing down on the chart.I continued to listen to the conversation outside the door. Oh, hello, yesIm Charlie, her father. Dr. Cullen told me she was in a medically induced coma?The light rhythmic movement of Bellas heart continued at a steadied beat, a little faster than when she was in a peaceful sleep. Again, I was counting the seconds.Yes. She is healing nicely. Once her swelling goes down around her brain we will tr y and wake her, but it is strictly up to her body to decide when she is ready to awake from this coma, he stated firmly, further in a tone that would help ease his stress.Yes. Of course. I understand, Charlie rubbed his temples.Ill leave you alone. Let you have some time with your daughter, he murmured before walking away.Thanks, Charlie barely spoke.When the nurse swiveled around she finally saw me sitting there. Her heart jumped and began beating wildly. I didnt even see him sitting there.Oh, Im sorry. Im just leaving now, she began to walk towards the door. at a time that I think about it she glanced over her shoulder. He is hot I might have to volunteer to come back in here tonight. She finally opened the door nearly knocking over Charlie who had reached for the door at the same time.Standing, I opened my mouth to apologize again. Charlie held up a hand. No need.Rene continued to stand in the hall, uncertain if she needed to enter or not, worried that Charlie might decide to r elease some more of his fury on me.Ill leave you two alone, I mumbled while walking out of the room.Rene turned to get dinner, taking recently breaths while her thoughts were grumbling in complaint at Charlies behavior. And hes such a nice boyI just dont understand.As currently as the door clicked shut Alice was at my side.I see he calmed down. He was in a white rage in the car on the way over here. I thought I was going to have to restrain him he was so angry.I nodded, not speaking. I was still burning from the pain.I know what youre planning.I ignored her. Curiosity continued to eat at her as she walked next to me down the hall which was rich with the scent of bleach and plastic. She looked at me inquisitively, wondering what I was thinking that was making the visions in her mind flash. My thoughts were burning, beseeching I could know what was going through Bellas mind right now. Her mind was closed to me, and now her eyes were too, the one link I had left to her internal know ledge.Everything is going to be okay, I can see it. She tried to comfort me.Still, I continued to walk silently next to her. Bellas oddly deep brown eyes were fixated in my irises which were crimson with fresh human blood. My contacts were beginning to burn away. Before I could ask Alice, she had another box placed in her palm.Here, lets not give Charlie any reasons to hate you more.Thanks, I replied dully.If I thought going on a single hunting trip leaving Bella behind, under fire(predicate) was excruciating, the next twelve hours were worse. The extreme and generally prolonged pain and mental suffering were the most constant of my torments. But, the most painful of my torments was Charlies possessive nature over his daughter. With him here, I was basically kicked out of her room, Rene constantly apologizing for his poor behavior.During the afternoon hours Alice and Rene would converse about everything from style to yoga classes, even though Alice has no need for yoga. Though I sat there, listening to their conversations, they continued to become aware of how tightly wound I was, feeling the stress emanate out of me without the special gift that Jasper has.Edward, Alice called from her mind around two in the afternoon. Charlie is going back to Forks. The officerswell, he is the police force, they need him back. He already received that call and will be on a plane by five.This was the first decent news I had heard in days. Regardless, today would be a hard one. Harder than the day before because each second that I continued to count added to the time that her deep depths were closed, her mind locked up tighter than Fort Knox. Like Alice had predicted, Charlie came strolling around the corner to give us the news about his departure. He completely ignored me, but in his mind he was thinking daggers towards me. Daggers that would never pierce my cold, steel skin.Rene walked with Charlie out of the hospital, leaving Alice and I alone together.Lets go see Bella. Without answering her, I rose, walking quicker than human speed towards the room. Whenever Charlie wasnt taking up all of Bellas coma time, I was there, by her side. When I got the chance, I was holding her. Rene had stayed the night, and was planning on doing it again ?C something I wasnt terribly excited about.When we reached the door I opened it and was outright hit with a spectacular scent wafting through the room. Each breath was full of fire which was also full of her life. I ignored the burning, pushed it in the back of my mind.There was a newspaper on her bedside table. I picked it up to the page that was left open. It was a story that covered the arson of a ballet studio and theft of a car that was left outside. Anger pulsed through me at the thought of James again, though I pushed it aside because another angry thought hit me. I wished that Rene hadnt known about this, because now she was too afraid to stay in her own home.My continuance of emotions ached for some kind o f physical outlet, and heretofore the only outlet I had was now gone, dead.Not todayAlice murmured. Shes not ready.My hopes plummeted at this news. She continued to watch the future which spun, twisted and became mangled again.I wishThis is obviously not the time to bring that up, I barked.I was just going to say I wish shed wake up soon, Alices eyes were wide with innocence, and I didnt believe it for a second.Looking at her eyes, I saw the reflection of my own eyes which were an odd brown, muddy color. Momentarily it caught me off guard, forgetting I was wearing the contacts, even though they continued to obstruct my perfect vision.I stole my eyes away from her to bring them back to Bellas limp and lumpy form. Her eyes were closed lightly, as if she were very peaceful. Her hair glinted in the bright white light over her face. My remorse and the guilt burned with the thirst, and, if I had the ability to formulate tears, they would have filled my eyes. Each second that I continued to count reminded me of the precious soul lying in the bed before us. She was so breakable, and I broke her, she was good and she didnt deserve my fate. My mind was bouncing around like a tennis ball, willing myself to stay away from her, to no longer let my life collide with hers reposeing it in the process.What have I done? As the hour passed my mind continually would titter on a line of right and wrong. First, my thoughts leaning one way, then the other. Alice was becoming irritated at my constant state of vivid flashes of the future which would crumble every time I changed my mind. Then, when I didnt think the burning could get worse, I imagined her waking up and kicking me out of her room. I had to remind myself that she had every right to hate me, to not curse me with her safety. That she should.Would you quit Alice shouted from mind. You arent going anywhere. I wont let you. Remember, you did save her life.Her thoughts were confusing and incomprehensible. Did I not place Be lla in front of the danger that lurked around her until it enamored? Wasnt this all my fault in the first place? Quickly, I decided that the best course of action was to ignore her thoughts.After an hour had passed Rene entered the room, her mind merrily jumping from subject to subject. What books she liked, her favorite movies, how she painted Bellas new room in Florida. Each second, I countedI angered even moremostly at myself. I tried ignoring Bella once, letting her go and it didnt work. I remember thinking that there were other options besides her ultimate doom. Now that I am sitting at her bedside, where she was on the brink of death nearly twenty four hours ago, I realized that keeping her in the fragile state would inevitably destroy her.I had to leave. Not now, but after she recovered. I did this, I have to clean it up. I wont leave her here, broken, without help.Ive had it Alice stood up. Rene, Im sorry, I have to go. Ill see you tomorrow.So soon? Rene stared at me. But hes not good company. I understand, dear. See you tomorrow.Surely it had to be miserable being around me, but if they understood my frustrations, my ever growing war that was raging inside me, then they would leave me alone. I argued with myself as the evening hours progressed, afraid my less noble side would win the argument. To add to my ever growing torments, the silence emitting from Bella was torturing me. Night after night I watched over her, and she spoke, tossed, turned, and murmured some more. Not last nightand not tonight.The mystery that border Bella continued to make my curiosity flare. The lure of her unprotected and unconsciously spoken thoughts were making me sick with regret. I should have stayed away and then tonight would have been like any other night when I went to visit her. I missed her murmurs, her spoken dreams and fears.The only sound from Bella was her light breathing, which had a little rale from her bruised ribs and her steady heart beat. I shook my hea d in disgust at what I had done to her. Though she was bruised and tubes and wiring seemed to be coming from her every orifice, she was still beautiful. Her dark hair was tangled wildly around her pale face.As the night progressed into the early morning hours, Rene never kicked me out. Instead she slept resolutely with Bellas hand in hers. Jealousy raged inside me at her touch. I wanted it to be me holding her hand, lying with her, comforting her. It was foolishness to think that we belonged together, even though I could never imagine myself without her, or with anyone else. She deserved happiness and love with whomever she chose, nevertheless she chose methe cold inhuman creature that almost brought her to her death.Could a dead frozen heart break? I felt like mine was.In an instant, a memory flooded my troubled mind, making my mind teeter in yet another direction. That first evening I became the peeping tomBella, she was dreaming of me, mumbling my name.Stay, she sighed. Dont go. Pleasedont go.That was the night she changed me, the rare and permanent thing that you could never give back. It was love, and no matter how many years pass, hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, I would forever love this one girl.I gazed at her unconscious face, reminding myself of the love that had settled into every portion of my cavity body that night. If I loved her though, then I was strong enough to leave her because that is what would be best. Loving her would not keep me from killing her, if I let myself make mistakes, like I did this week, she could be killed. Though, it would not be intentional, only a horrible accident. Obviously, I am capable of making mistakes. In only an half hour of speaking with her for the first time I slipped up twice.Deliberately, I took in a deep breath, letting her scent rip through me like wildfire. With each breath, I let it remind myself of the monster that was animateness deep inside me. Though he was gone, missing right now, I knew he was still there, sending waves of fire through my throat.Rene was sleeping soundly now, dreaming about a horseback riding class she had that was a little bizarre. Still, I continued to count the seconds as the sun rose over the mountainous horizon. I closed the vertical blinds so my skin wouldnt sparkle. Again, I felt my contacts disintegrate and had to replace them. In the bathroom, my eyes still were bright red with Bellas blood. Another reminder of the damage I inflicted upon her by being with her.I felt my pocket vibrate and reached in to grab my phone. It was nine in the morning. It had now almost been two days of a still, unmoving beauty lying in this bed, comatose. I read the message.Bella will awake at 913. Thought Id give you the heads up so you could wake Rene so she could get her eat. It will give you time to be alone with Bella.A great relief spread over me at this news. The seconds I would no longer have to count because she would be awake, talking to me. Purposefull y, I dropped my phone, the sound vibrated off the walls in the tiny room. Rene jumped to her feet.Whats going on? Wheres Grace? she mumbled, her face bewildered.I had to suppress a laugh. Grace? I asked.Dream, she muttered. That horse scares the living fire out of meAgain, my giddy state was hard to control. My lips twitched on the edges at the thought of her waking.They are serving breakfast, I offered.Oh course, he wants time alone with her. Yes, breakfast sounds nice.Rene left with one last glance over her shoulder before shutting the door.Curling up onto Bellas bed, I held her hand while watching the clock. The seconds were going by slower. The last minute before her awakening seemed to take twiceno three times as long. Each second that ticked by had my thoughts sprinkle in every direction. Now that I knew she would be awake soon, the thought of leaving her was inconceivable. I would always love this fragile human girl for the rest of my limitless existence. I gazed at her unco nscious face, feeling this love for her settle into every portion of my cold steel body. If I wasnt strong enough to leave her maybe I was strong enough to construct a new future.She moaned while her eyes fluttered.Could a dead, frozen heart beat again? It felt like mine was about to.

Marriage and Ancient Greek Culture

Marriage is when a man and a woman are religiously committed to each other. In ancient classic culture, this reflected on the relationship of the King and Queen, and Odysseus and Penelope, but they werent quite similar. The King and Queen had a appressed relationship, while Odysseus and Penelope were always separated. Odysseus and Penelopes marriage was nothing like the King and Queens. Odysseus wasnt really unwavering while trying to get back to his wife. For congresswoman, the first time Odysseus wasnt faithful was when he was captured by Calypso.In The Odyssey, it said Even as he spoke, the sun set and the iniquity swept the earth. And now, withdrawing into the caverns deep recesses, long in each others accouterments they lost themselves in love. That basically says that they had a sexual relationship. This wasnt really good of Odysseus repayable to the fact that hes married. On the other hand, Penelope is at home waiting for him, and reservation up excuses that she will ma rry someone new. To make the other people believe that she unsows her quilt to tackle longer. The interrupt relationship is between the King and Queen.Unlike Penelope and Odysseus, they roll in the hay together. In The Odyssey, they said Alcinous slept in chambers deep in his loft house where the queen his wife arranged and share their bed. That showed that they didnt sleep in variant beds, but that they slept together and shared it. The King and Queen are an example of what marriage should be like. Men and woman play different roles. In The Odyssey, there are different roles. For example, woman had to be seen with their husband and not any other man, because then they would be called a mediocre name.Also, men shouldnt change in front of other woman while hes married because it doesnt show respect for their self and their wife. Ancient Greek culture had many rules, and they were better if you followed them. Marriage and courtship is very important to Greek culture. Not everyon e takes it serious, for instance, Odysseus. He wasnt faithful, and showed he doesnt care for his wife back home. The King shows hes very loving to his wife because they live together. Not all marriages are the same, and not everyone takes it as a commitment.

Importance of arts Essay

straight off we essential study the following questions What moment does blindistic production acquire if we assume that our interpretation of it is correct? What is the similitude amid aesthetical response and any other dos of hu reality behavior? How do we explain the reference and brilliance of fine trick in the general behavioral system of slice? There ar as galore(postnominal) several(predicate) answers to these questions as at that place argon diametrical personal manners of evaluating the importance of craft. Some recollect deviceistic production is the supreme human comportivity while others consider it nonhing nonwithstanding leisure and enjoyment. The evaluation of craft depends directadays on the psychological standpoint from which we blast it. If we want to risk out what the attr biteive amongst finesse and carriage is, if we want to solve the problem of stratagem in terms of utilize psychology, we moldiness adopt a valid gen eral theory for solving these problems. The beginning(a) and close widespread view holds that device sullys us with emotions and is whence based upon contamination. Tolstoy says, The human activityivity of finessework is based on the aptitude of good deal to defile others with their witness emotions and to be vitiateed by the emotions of others. Strong emotions, weak emotions, grand emotions, or irrelevant emotions, veracious emotions or bad emotions if they contaminate the reader, the spectator, or the listener flex the subject of guile. This line mean values that since art is tho parkland emotion, thither is no substantial dispute amongst an mean(a) flavoring and a beliefing stirred by art. Consequently, art functions simply as a resonator, an amplifier, or a transmitter for the infection of hearting.Art has n6 specific distinction hence the evaluation of art moldiness proceed from the aforementi 1d(prenominal) criterion which we engross to evalua te any feeling. Art may be straightforward or bad if it infects us with frank or bad feelings. Art in itself is neither good nor bad it is a language of feeling which we moldiness evaluate in accordance with what it expresses. and then, Tolstoy came to the natural last that art must be evaluated from a moral viewpoint he then approved of art that generated good feelings, and objected to art that, from his point of view, represented reprehensible neverthelessts or live up tos. Many other critics reached the analogous conclusions as did Tolstoy and evaluated a work of art on the land of its obvious content, while praising or decry the artist agreely. Like ethics, like aesthetics this is the slogan of this theory. But Tolstoy soon disc overed that his theory failed when he tried to be consistent with his own conclusions. He comp ard 2 artistic impressions integrity produced by a large chorus of peasant women who were celebrating the marriage of his daughter and the other, by an accomplished medicinal drugian who played van Beethovens Sonata. The singing of the peasant women verbalised much(prenominal) a feeling of joy, cheerfulness, and liveliness that it infected Tolstoy and he went home in high spirits. According to him, much(prenominal) singing is align art, because it communicates a specific and correctly emotion. Since the second impression involved no such(prenominal) specific emotions, he concluded that Beethovens sonata is an unsuccessful artistic attempt which contains no definite emotions and is in that locationfore neither remarkable nor outstanding.This example line of battles us the absurd conclusions that lavatory be reached if the circumstantial sympathiseing of art is based upon the criterion of its infectiousness. Beethovens practice of medicine incorporates no definite feeling, while the singing of the peasant women has an elementary and contagious gaiety. If this is full-strength, then Yevlakhov is orderive when he states that real, true art is troops or dance music, since it is much catchy. Tolstoy is consistent in his musical themes beside kin group songs, he recognizes only treates and dances written by various composers as industrial plant that approach the requirements of general art. A reviewer of Tolstoys article, V. G. Valter, points out that if Tolstoy had said that the gaiety of the peasant women put him in a good mood, genius could non object to that. It would mean that the language of emotions that expressed itself in their singing (it could comfortably moderate expressed itself simply in yelling, and virtually in all likelihood did) infected Tolstoy with their gaiety. But what has this to do with art? Tolstoy does non say whether the women sang well had they non sung merely simply yelled, beating their scythes, their fun and gaiety would catch been no less catching, especially on his daughters wedding day. We feel that if we compargon an ordinary yell of vener ate to a powerful novel in terms of their single infectiousness, the latter block up fail the test. ostensibly, to understand art we must add nearlything else to simple infectiousness.Art likewise produces other impressions, and Longinus narrative, You must know that the orator pursues ace tendency, and the poet another. The purpose of meter is consternation, that of prose is expressivity, is correct. Tolstoys formula failed to account for the trepidation which is the purpose of poetry. But to prove that he is really damage, we must look at the art of host and dance music and find out whether the true purpose of that art is to infect. Petrazhitskii assumesthat aestheticians are improper when they claim that the purpose of art is to generate aesthetic emotions only. He feels that art produces general emotions, and that aesthetic emotions are merely decorative. For showcase, the art of a warlike full point in the life of a people has as its principal(prenominal) pur pose the excitation of heroic-bellicose emotions. Even now, military music is not intended to give the soldiers in the field aesthetic enjoyment, but to excite and enhance their belligerent feelings. The purpose of medieval art (including mold and architecture) was to produce lofty religious emotions. Lyric appeals to one aspect of our emotional encephalon, satire to another the same applies to drama, tragedy, and so on A subroutine from the fact that military music does not generate bellicose emotions on the battlefield, the question is not properly speculate here.Ovsianiko-Kulikovskii, for example, comes closer to the truth when he says that military lyrics and music find the spirit of the army and inspire feats of valor and heroic deeds, but neither of them targets directly to bellicose emotions or belligerent affects. On the contrary, they seem to moderate bellicose ardor, calm an excited restless system, and chase apart precaution. We support say that heightening mor ale, calming nerves, and chasing away fear are among the most consequential practical functions of lyrics which outcome from their psychological constitution. It is therefore wrong to think that music send packing directly cause warlike emotions to a greater extent precisely, it gives bellicose emotions an opportunity for formula, but music as such neither causes nor generates them. Something similar happens with erotic poetry, the mend purpose of which, accord to Tolstoy, is to excite lust. Anyone who understands the true nature of musical emotions knows that Tolstoy is wrong. There is no distrust that lyrical emotion has a soothing printing on all other emotions (and affects) to the point that at measure it paralyzes them. This is also the effect it has on sexuality with its emotions and affects. Erotic poetry, if it is truly lyrical, is far less suggestive than works of the visual arts in which the problems of love and the notorious sex problem are treated with the pu rpose of producing a moral reception.Ovsianiko-Kulikovskii is only partly correct in his assumption that sexual feeling, which is easily excited, is most strongly stirred by images and surveys, that these images and thoughts are rendered harmless by lyrical emotion, and that mankind is indebted to lyrics, even more than(prenominal) than to ethics,for the taming and restraining of sexual instincts. He underestimates the importance of the other art forms, which he calls figurative, and does not remark that in their case also emotions provoked by images are counteracted by the nonlyrical emotion of art. Thus we see that Tolstoys theory does not hold in the domain of the applied arts, where he thought its validity to be absolute. As concerns great art (the art of Beethoven and Shakespeare), Tolstoy himself pointed out that his theory is inapplicable. Art would pitch a dull and ungrateful delegate if its only purpose were to infect one or many persons with feelings. If this were s o, its consequence would be very small, because there would be only a quantitative expansion and no soft expansion beyond an single(a)s feeling. The miracle of art would then be like the bleak miracle of the Gospel, when quintuplet barley loaves and two small fishes fed thousands of people, all of whom ate and were satisfied, and a dozen baskets were filled with the proceed food. This miracle is only quantitative thousands were fed and were satisfied, but each of them ate only fish and bread.But was this not their daily diet at home, without any miracles? If the only purpose of a tragic poem were to infect us with the authors sorrow, this would be a very sad situation indeed for art. The miracle of art reminds us a lot more of another miracle in the Gospel, the transformation of water into wine. Indeed, arts true nature is that of transubstantiation, something that transcends ordinary feelings for the fear, pain, or excitement caused by art includes something above and beyond its rule, conventional content. This something overcomes feelings of fear and pain, changes water into wine, and thus fulfills the most important purpose of art. unmatchable of the great thinkers said once that art relates to life as wine relates to the grape. With this he meant to say that art takes its material from life, but gives in succumb something which its material did not contain. Initially, an emotion is unmarried, and only by means of a work of art does it become loving or generalized. But it appears that art by itself contributes nothing to this emotion. It is not clear, then, why art should be viewed as a creative act nor how it differs from an ordinary yell or an orators speech. Where is the trepidation of which Longinus spoke, if art is viewed only as an exercise in infectiousness? We suck up that science does not simply infect one person or a whole society with thoughts and vagarys, any more than engineering helps manto be handy. We potbelly also recognize t hat art is an expanded kindly feeling or proficiency of feelings, as we shall show later.Plekhanov states that the relationship between art and life is extremely interlacing, and he is right. He quotes Tairfe who investigated the elicit question of why landscape painting evolved only in the city. If art were intended merely to infect us with the feelings that life communicates to us, then landscape painting could not survive in the city. History, however, proves exactly the opposite. Taine writes, We sacrifice the right to admire landscapes, just as they had the right to be bored by it. For seventeenth-century man there was nothing uglier than a mountain. It aroused in him many unpleasant ideas, because he was as weary of barbarianism as we are weary of civilization. Mountains give us a chance to rest, away from our sidewalks, offices, and shops we like landscape only for this reason. 6 Plekhanov points out that art is sometimes not a direct expression of life, but an expressi on of its antithesis. The idea, of course, is not in the leisure of which Taine speaks, but in a definite antithesis art releases an aspect of our psyche which finds no expression in our everyday life. We cannot speak of an infection with emotions.The effect of art is obviously much more varied and composite plant no matter how we approach art, we always discover that it involves something different from a simple transmission of feelings. Whether or not we agree with Lunacharskii that art is a concentration of life, we must translate that it proceeds from certain(p) live feelings and works upon those feelings, a fact not considered by Tolstoys theory. We return seen that this process is a katharsis the transformation of these feelings into opposite ones and their subsequent resolution. This view of course agrees perfectly with Plekhanovs principle of antithesis in art. To understand this we must look at the problem of the biologic significance of art, and realize that art is not merely a means for infection but something immeasurably more important in itself. In his Three Chapters of Historic Poetics, Veselovskii says that quaint singing and playing were born from a complex drive for catharsis a chorus sung during hard and exhausting work regulates muscular enterprise by its rhythm, and apparently aimless play responds to the sub apprised requirement of training and regulation of physical or intellectual effort. This is also the requirement of psychophysical catharsis formulated by Aristotle for the drama it manifests itself in theunsurpassed dictation of Maori women to shed tears at will, and also in the overwhelming tearfulness of the eighteenth century.The phenomenon is the same the difference lies only in expression and understanding. We perceive rhythm in poetry as something artistic and deflect its primitive psychophysical origins. The best repudiation of the contamination theory is the study of those psychophysical principles on which art is based and the invoice of the biological significance of art. Apparently art releases and processes some extremely complex organismic urges. The best certification of our viewpoint can be found in the fact that it agrees with Buchers studies on the origins of art and permits us to understand the true image and purpose of art. Bucher established that music and poetry get down a common origin in heavy physical labor. Their object was to relax cathartically the tremendous stress created by labor. This is how Bucher formulated the general content of work songs They follow the general trend of work, and signal the beginning of a coinciding collective effort they try to motivate the men to work by derision, invective, or reference to the popular opinion of spectators they express the thoughts of the workers about labor itself, its course, its gear, and so forth, as well as their joys or sorrows, their complaints about the toughness of the work and the inadequate pay they address a plea to the owner, the supervisor, or simply to the spectator. The two elements of art and their resolution are found here.The only peculiarity of these songs is that the feeling of pain and hardship which must be solved by art is an essential part of labor itself. Subsequently, when art detaches itself from labor and begins to exist as an independent activity, it introduces into the work of art the element which was formerly generated by labor the feelings of pain, torment, and hardship (which require relies are now aroused by art itself, but their nature remains the same. Biicher progress tos an extremely fire statement The peoples of antiquity considered song an indispensable accompaniment of hard labor. From this we realize that song at first unionized collective labor, then gave relief and relaxation to painful and tormenting strain. We shall see that art, even in its highest manifestations, completely make out from labor and without any direct connection thereto, has mainta ined the same functions. It still must systematize, or organize, social feeling and give relief to painful and tormenting strain. Quintilian puts it this way Andit appears as if music were presumptuousness to us by nature in order to make labor bearable. For instance, the rower is inspired by song it is useful not only where the efforts of many are combined, but also when it is intended to provide rest for an exhausted worker.Thus art arises originally as a powerful tool in the struggle for existence the idea of reducing its single-valued function to a communication of feeling with no power or control over that feeling, is inadmissible. If the purpose of art, like Tolstoys chorus of peasant women, were only to make us gay or sad, it would neither have survived nor have ever acquired its present importance. Nietzsche expresses it well injoyful Wisdom, when he says that rhythm involves inducement and inducement It arouses an irresistible desire to imitate, and not only our legs but our very psyche follow the beat. Was there anything more useful than rhythm for antique, Superstitious mankind? With its help everything became feasible work could be performed magically, God could be forced to appear and listen to grievances, the future could be changed and corrected at will, ones soul could be delivered of any abnormality. Without verse man would be nothing with it, he almost became God. It is quite interesting to see how Nietzsche explains the way in which art succeeded in acquiring such power over man. When the normal mood and harmony of the soul were lost, one had to dance to the song of a bard this was the prescription of that medication First of all, inebriation and uncontrolled affect were pushed to the limit, so that the insane became frenzied, and the avenger became saturated with hatred.Apparently the opening night of releasing into art powerful passions which cannot find expression in normal, everyday life is the biological rear of art. The pur pose of our behavior is to keep our organism in residuum with its surroundings. The simpler and more elementary our relations with the environment, the simpler our behavior. The more subtle and complex the inter act between organism and environment, the more devious and intricate the balancing process. Obviously this process cannot continue smoothly toward an equilibrium. There will always be a certain asymmetry in favor of the environment or the organism. No machine can work toward equilibrium utilise all its vital force efficiently. There are always states of excitation which cannot result in an efficient use of energy. This is why a need arises from time to time to hit the unused energy and give it custodyome rein in order to reestablish our equilibrium with the rest of the demesne. Orshanskii says that feelings are the pluses and minuses of our equilibrium. These pluses and minuses, these discharges and expenditures of unused energy, are the biological function of art.Loo king at a claw, it is evident that its possibilities are far greater than actually agnize. If a child plays at soldiers, cops and robbers, and so on, this means, according to some, that inside himself he really becomes a soldier or a robber. Sherringtons principle (the principle of struggle for a common field of action) cl primordial shows that in our organism the nervous receptor fields exceed many times the executing effector neurons, so that the organism perceives many more stimuli than it can possibly attend to. Our nervous system resembles a rail line station into which five tracks lead, but only one track leads out. Of five trains arriving at this station, only one ever manages to leave (and this only after a fierce struggle), while the other four remain stalled. The nervous system reminds us of a battlefield where the struggle never ceases, not even for a single instant, and our behavior is an infinitesimal part of what is really included in the possibilities of our nervo us system, but cannot find an outlet. In nature the realized and executed part of life is but a minute part of the entire conceivable life Oust as every life born is paid for by millions of unborn ones). Similarly, in our nervous system, the realized part of life is only the smallest part of the real life contained in us.Sherrington likens our nervous system to a funnel with its delimit part turned toward action, and the wider part toward the orbit. The world pours into man, through the wide opening of the funnel 154), thousands of calls, desires, stimuli, etc. enter, but only an infinitesimal part of them is realized and flows out through the narrowing opening. It is obvious that the unrealized part of life, which has not gone through the narrow opening of our behavior, must be somehow utilized and lived. The organism is in an equilibrium with its environment where balance must be maintained, just as it becomes infallible to open a valve in a tympanum in which steam pressure ex ceeds the strength of the vessel. Apparently art is a psychological means for prominent a balance with the environment at critical points of our behavior. Long ago the idea had been expressed that art complements life by expanding its possibilities. Von Lange says, There is a sorry resemblance between contemporary civilized man and domestic animals limitation and monotony. Issuing from the patterns of bourgeoislife and its social forms, these are the main features of the individual existence, which lead every remains, rich and poor, weak and strong, talented and deprived, through an incomplete and imperfect life. It is astonishing how limited is the number of ideas, feelings, and actions that juvenile-fangled man can perform or experience.Lazurskii holds the same view when he explains the theory of empathy by referring to one of Tolstoys novels. There is a point in Anna Karenina where Tolstoy tells us that Anna reads a novel and suddenly wants to do what the heroes of that novel do fight, struggle, win with them, go with the protagonist to his estate, and so on. Freud shares this opinion and speaks of art as a means of appeasing two inimical principles, the principle of pleasure and that of reality. Insofar as we are public lecture about the meaning of life, these writers come closer to the truth than those who, like Grant-Allen, assume that aesthetics are those emotions which have freed themselves from association with practical interests. This reminds us of Spencers formula he assumed that beautiful is what once was, but no longer is, useful. Developed to its extreme limits, this viewpoint leads to the theory of games, which is accepted by many philosophers, and given its highest expression by Schiller. The one serious objection against it is that, in not recognizing art as a creative act, it tends to reduce it to the biological function of exercising certain organs, a fact of little importance for the adult. Much more convincing are the other theories w hich consider art an indispensable discharge of nervous energy and a complex manner of conclusion an equilibrium between our organism and the environment in critical instances of our behavior.We resort to art only at critical moments in our life, and therefore can understand why the formula we propose views art as a creative act. If we consider art to be catharsis, it is perfectly clear that it cannot arise where there is nothing but live and vivid feeling. A unprejudiced feeling taken per se cannot create art. It lacks more than technique or mastery, because a feeling expressed by a technique will never generate a lyric poem or a musical composition. To do this we require the creative act of overcoming the feeling, resolving it, conquering it. wholly when this act has been performed then and only then is art born. This is why the acquaintance of art requires creativity it is not abounding to experience sincerely the feeling, or feelings, of the author it is not enough to und erstand the structure of the work of art one must alsocreatively overcome ones own feelings, and find ones own catharsis only then will the effect of art be complete. This is why we agree with Ovsianiko-Kulikovskii who says that the purpose of military music is not to arouse bellicose emotions but, by establishing an equilibrium between the organism and the environment at a critical moment for the organism, to discipline and organize its work, provide discriminate relief to its feelings, to chase away fear, and to open the way to courage and valor. Thus, art never directly generates a practical action it merely prepares the organism for such action.Freud says that a, frightened person is terrified and runs when he sees risk of infection the useful part of this behavior is that he runs, not that he is frightened. In art, the reverse is true fear per se is useful. Mans release per se is useful, because it creates the possibility of appropriate flight or attack. This is where we must consider the economy of our feelings, which Ovsianiko-Kulikovskii describes thus The harmonic rhythm of lyrics creates emotions which differ from the majority of other emotions in that such lyric emotions save our psychic energies by putting our psychic household into harmonic order. This is not the same economy of which we talked earlier, it is not an attempt to avoid the output of psychic energies. In this respect art is not subordinated to the principle of the economy of strength on the contrary, art is an explosive and sudden expenditure of strength, of forces (psychic and otherwise), a discharge of energy. A work of art comprehend coldly and prosaically, or processed and treated to be perceived in this way, saves much more energy and force than if it were perceived with the full effect of its artistic form in mind. Although it is an explosive discharge, art does introduce order and harmony into the psychic household, of our feelings.And of course the waste of energy performed by Anna Karenina when she experienced the feelings and emotions of the heroes of the novel she was reading, is a saving of psychic forces if compared to the actual emotion. A more complex and deeper meaning of the principle of economizing emotions will become clearer if we try to understand the social significance of art. Art is the social within us 55, and even if its action is performed by a single individual, it does not mean that its result is individual. It is quite naive and inappropriate to take the social to be collective, as with a large congregation of persons. The social also exists where there is only oneperson with his individual experiences and tribulations. This is why the action of art, when it performs catharsis and pushes into this purifying flame the most intimate and important experiences, emotions, and feelings of the soul, is a social action. But this experience does not happen as described in the theory of contamination (where a feeling born in one person i nfects and contaminates everybody and becomes social), but exactly the other way around. The melting of feelings outside us is performed by the strength of social feeling, which is objectivized, materialized, and projected outside of us, then fixed in external objects of art which have become the tools of society.A fundamental characteristic of man, one that distinguishes him from animals, is that he endures and key outs from his body both the apparatus of technology and that of scientific knowledge, which then become the tools of society. Art is the social technique of emotion, a tool of society which brings the most intimate and personal aspects of our being into the circle of social life. It would be more correct to say that emotion becomes personal when every one of us experiences a work of art it becomes personal without ceasing to be social. Art, says Guyau, is a condensation of reality it shows us the human machine under high pressure. It tries to show us more life phenomena than we actually experience. Of course this life, concentrated in art, exerts an effect not only on our emotions but also on our will because emotion contains the seed of will. Guyau correctly attributes a tremendous importance to the role played by art in society. It introduces the effects of passion, violates inner equilibrium, changes will in a cutting sense, and stirs feelings, emotions, passions, and vices without which society would remain in an inert and motionless state. It pronounces the word we were seeking and vibrates the string which was strained but soundless.A work of art is the center of attraction, as is the active will of a genius if sleep attracts will, Corneille and Victor Hugo do so too, but in a different way. Who knows the number of crimes instigated by novels describing murders? Who knows the number of divorces resulting from representations of debauchery? Guyau formulates the question in much too primitive a way, because he imagines that art directly cau ses this or the other emotion. Yet, this never happens. A representation of murder does not cause murder. A perspective of debauchery does not inspire divorce therelationship between art and life is very complex, and in a very approximate way it can be described as will be shown. Hennequin sees the difference between aesthetic and real emotion in the fact that aesthetic emotion does not contiguously express itself in action. He says, however, that if repeated over and over again, these emotions can become the basis for an individuals behavior thus, an individual can be affected by the kind of writings he reads. An emotion imparted by a work of art is not capable of expressing itself in immediate actions.In this respect aesthetic feelings differ sharply from actual feelings. But, since they serve an end in themselves, they rationalize themselves and need not be immediately expressed in any practical activity aesthetic emotions can, by accumulation and repetition, lead to substant ial practical results. These results depend upon the general properties of aesthetic emotion and the particular(prenominal) properties of each of these emotions. Repeated exercises of a specific group of feelings under the effect of invention, imagination, or unreal rnoods or causes that generally cannot result in action do not require active manifestations, and doubtless ruin the property common to all real emotions, that of expression in action. I Hennequin introduces two very important corrections, but his solution of the problem remains quite primitive. He is correct in saying that aesthetic emotion does not immediately generate action, that it manifests itself in the change of purpose. He is also correct when he states that aesthetic emotion not only does not generate the actions of which it speaks, but is completely alien to them.On the basis of Guyaus example, we could say that the reading of novels about murder not only does not incite us to murder, but actually nurturee s us not to kill but this point of view of Hennequins, although it is more applicable than the former, is quite simple compared with the subtle function assigned to art. As a matter of fact, art performs an extremely complex action with our passions and goes far beyond the limits of these two simplistic alternatives. Andrei Bely says that when we listen to music we feel what giants must have felt. Tostoy masterfully describes this high tension of art in his Kreutzer Sonata Do you know the first place? Do you really know it? he explains. Oh A sonata is a affright thing. Yes, this part, precisely. Music, generally, is a frightening thing. What is it? I dont understand. What is music? What does it do? And why does it do whatever it does? They say that music elevates oursoul. Rubbish, tripe It does work, it has a terrible effect (I am talking for myself, but it certainly does not lift the soul. It does not lift the soul, nor does it debase it, but it irritates it. How can I put it? Music makes me oblivious of myself it makes me freeze my true position it transfers me into another position, not mine, not my own it seems to me, under the effect of music, that I feel what I dont feel, that I understand what I actually dont understand, cant understand. Music immediately, suddenly, transports me into the mood which must have been that of the man who wrote it. I become one with him, and together with him I swing from one mood into another, from one state into another, but why I am doing it, I dont know. That fellow, for instance, who wrote the Kreutzer Sonata, Beethoven, he knew why he was in that state.That state led him to certain actions, and therefore, for him, that state was sensible. For me, it means nothing, it is completely senseless. And this is why music only irritates and achieves nothing. Well, if I play a military march, the soldiers will march in step, and the music has achieved its purpose if dance music is played, I dance, and the music achieves i ts purpose. Or, if muddle is sung and I take communion, well, here too the music has achieved its purpose otherwise, it is only irritation, and no one knows what to do with this irritation. This is why music occasionally has such a horrible,terrifying effect. In China music is an mathematical function of state, and this is how it should be Otherwise it could be a terrifying tool in the hands of anybody. Take for instance the Kreutzer Sonata. How can one play its presto in a drawing room, amidst ladies in decollete? tactical manoeuvre it, and then busy oneself, then eat some ice cream and listen to the latest gibber? No, these things can be played only in the face of significant, important circumstances, and then it will be needful to perform certain appropriate acts that fit the music. If it must be played, we must act according to its setting of our mood. Otherwise the incongruity between the place, the time, the waste of energy, and the feelings which do not manifest themsel ves will have a disastrous effect.This excerpt from The Kreutzer Sonata tells us quite convincingly of the incomprehensibly frightening effect of music for the average listener. It reveals a new aspect of the aesthetic response and shows that it is not a blank shot, but a response to a work of art, and a new and powerful stimulus for further action. Art requires a reply, it incitescertain actions, and Tolstoy quite correctly compares the effect of Beethovens music with that of a dance tonal pattern or a march. In the latter case, the excitement created by the music resolves itself in a response, and a feeling of satisfied repose sets in. In the case of Beethovens music we are thrown into a state of confusion and anxiety, because the music reveals those urges and desires that can find a resolution only in exceptionally important and heroic actions. When this music is followed by ice cream and gossip amidst ladies in dcollet, we are left in a state of exceptional anxiety, tension, and disarray. But Tolstoys character makes a mistake when he compares the irritating and stimulating effect of this music to the effect produced by a military march.He does not realize that the effect of music reveals itself much more subtly, by means of mystical shocks, stresses, and deformations of our constitution. It may reveal itself unexpectedly, and in an extraordinary way. But in this description, two points are make with exceptional clarity First, music incites, excites, and irritates in an indeterminate fashion not connected with any concrete reaction, motion, or action. This is proof that its effect is cathartic, that is, it clears our psyche, reveals and calls to life tremendous energies which were previously inhibited and restrained. This, however is a consequence of art, not its action. Secondly, music has coercive power. Tolstoy suggests that music should be an affair of state. He believes that music is a public affair. One critic pointed out that when we perceive a work a work of art we think that our reaction is strictly personal and associated only with ourselves. We believe that it has nothing to do social psychology. But this is as wrong as the opinion of a person pays taxes and considers this action only from his own viewpoint own, personal budget, without pusher in mind that he participate the huge and complex economy of the state. He does not bounce that by paying taxes he takes part in involved state operations whose existence he does not even suspect.This is why Freud is wrong when he says that man stands face to face with the reality of nature, and that art be derived from the rigorously biological difference between the principle of enjoyment toward which all our inclinations gravitate, and that of reality which forces us to renounce satisfaction and pleasure. Between man and the outside world there stands the social environment, which in its own way refracts and directs the stimuli acting upon the individual and guides allthe rea ctions that emanate from the individual. applied psychology it is therefore of immense significance to know I as Tolstoy puts it, music is something awesome and frightening to average listener. If a military march incites soldiers to march proudly in a parade, what exceptional deeds must Beethovens music inspire Let me repeat music by itself is isolated from our everyday behavior it does not contract us to do anything, it only creates a vague and enormous desire for some deeds or actions it opens the way for the emergence of powerful, hidden forces within us it acts like an earthquake as it throws open unexplored and hidden strata.The view that art returns us to atavism rather than projecting us into the future, is erroneous. Although music does not generate any direct actions, its fundamental effect, the direction it im split to psychic catharsis, is essential for the kind of forces it will release, what it will release, and what it will push into the background. Art is the organ ization of our future behavior. It is a requirement that may never be fulfilled but that forces us to strive beyond our life toward all that lies beyond it. We may therefore call art a delayed reaction, because there is always a fairly long period of time between its effect and its execution. This does not mean, however, that the effect of art is mysterious or mystical or that its explanation requires some new concepts different from those which the psychologist sets up when he analyzes common behavior. Art performs with our bodies and through our bodies. It is remarkable that scholars like Rutz and Sievers, who studied perceptual processes and not the effects of art, speak of the dependence of aesthetic perception on a specific muscular constitution of the body.Rutz was the first to suggest that any aesthetic effect must be associated with a definite type of muscular constitution. Sievers applied his idea to the contemplation of sculpture. Other scholars get up a connection betwee n the prefatory organic constitution of the artist and the structure of his works. From the most ancient times, art has always been regarded as a means of grooming, that is, as a long-range program for ever-changing our behavior and our organism. The subject of this chapter, the significance of applied arts, involves the educational effect of art. Those who see a relationship between pedagogy and art find their view unexpectedly supported by psychological analysis. We can now address ourselves to the last problems on our agenda, those of the practical effect of art on lifeand of its educational significance. The educational significance of art and its practical aspects may be divided into two parts. We have first review article as a fundamental social force, which opens the way to art, evaluates it, and serves as a transitional mechanism between art and society. From a psychological point of view, the role of condemnation is to organize the effects of art. It gives a certain edu cational direction to these effects, and since by itself it has no power to turn the basic effect of art per se it puts itself between this effect and the actions into which this effect must finally resolve itself.We feet therefore that the real purpose and task of art criticism is different from its conventional one. Its purpose is not to interpret or explain a work of art, nor is its purpose to prepare the spectator or reader for the perception of a work of art. Only half of the task of criticism is aesthetic the other half is pedagogical and public. The critic approaches the average consumer of art, for instance, Tolstoys hero in The Kreutzer Sonata, at the troublesome point when he is under the unfathomed and frightening go game of the music and does not know what it will release in him. The critic wishes to be the organizing force, but enters the action when art has already had its victory over the human psyche which now seeks impetus and direction for its action. The dualis tic nature of criticism obviously entails a dualistic task. The criticism which consciously and intentionally puts art into prose establishes its social root, and determines the social connection that exists between art and the general aspects of life. It gathers our conscious forces counteract or, conversely, to cooperate with those impulses which have been generated by a work of art.This criticism leaves the domain of art and enters the sphere of social life, with the sole purpose of directional the aesthetically aroused forces into socially useful channels. Everyone knows that a work of art affects different people in different ways. Like a clapper, or any other tool, art by itself is neither good nor bad. More precisely, it has tremendous potential for either good or evil. It all depends on what use we make of, or what task m sign to, this tool. To repeat a trite example a knife in the hands surgeon has a value completely different from that of the same knife the hands of a ch ild. But the foregoing is only half the task of criticism. The other half consists in conserving the effect of art as art, and preventing the read spectator from wasting the forces aroused by art by modify for its powerful impulses dull, commonplace, rational-moral precepts. Few understand why it is imperative not only to have the effect of art shape and excite the reader or spectator but also to explain art, and to explain it in such a way that the explanation does not fill the emotion. We can readily show that such explanation is indispensable, our behavior is organized according to the principle of unity, which is accomplished mainly by means of our intelligence in which any emotion seeking an outlet must be represented. Otherwise we risk creating a conflict, and the work of art, instead of producing a catharsis, would inflict a wound, and the person experiences what Tolstoy when his heart is filled with a vague, incomprehensible emotion of depression, impotence, and confusion.H owever, this does not mean that the explanation of art kills the trepidation of poetry mentioned by Longinus, for there are two different levels involved. This second element, the element of conservation of an artistic impression, has always been regarded by theoreticians as decisively important for art criticism but, oddly enough, our critics have always ignored it. Criticism has always approached art as if it were a parliamentary speech or a non-aesthetic fact. It considered its task to be the destruction of the effect of art in order to discover the significance of art. Plekhanov was aware that the search for the sociological equivalent of a work of art is only the first half of the task of criticism. This means, he said when discussing Belinskii, that evaluation of the idea of a work of art must be followed by an analysis of its artistic merits. Philosophy did not eliminate aesthetics. On the contrary, it paved the way for it and tried to find a solid basis for it. This must als o be said about materialistic criticism. In searching for the social equivalent of a given literary phenomenon, this type of criticism betrays its own nature if it does not understand that we cannot confine ourselves to finding this equivalent, and that sociology must not shut the door to aesthetics but, on the contrary, open it wide.The second action of materialistic criticism must be, as was the case with many critic-idealists, the evaluation of the aesthetic merits of the work under investigating The determination of the sociological equivalent of a given work of literature would be incomplete and therefore imprecise if the critic failed to appraise its artistic merits. In other words, the first action of materialistic criticism not only does not eliminate the need forthe second action, but requires it as a necessary and indispensable complement. A similar situation arises with the problem of art in education the two parts or acts cannot exist independently. Until recently, th e public approach to art prevailed in our schools as well as in our criticism. The students learned or memorized incorrect sociological formulas concerning many works of art. At the present time, says Gershenzon, pupils are shell with sticks to learn Pushkin, as if they were cattle herded to the watering place, and given a chemical dissociation of H20 instead of deglutition water. It would be unfair to conclude with Gershenzon that the system of teaching art in the schools is wrong from beginning to end. In the guise of the history of social thought reflected in literature, our students learned false literature and false sociology.Does this mean that it is possible to teach art outside the sociological context and only on the basis of individual tastes, to jump from concept to concept, from the Iliad to Maiakovskii? Eichenwaid seems to believe this, for he claims that it is infeasible as well as unnecessary to teach literature in the schools. Should one teach literature? he asks. Literature, like the other arts, is optional. It represents an entertainment of the mind. Is it necessary that students be taught that Tatiana fell in love with Onegin, or that Lermontov was bored, sad, and unable to love forever? Eichenwald is of the opinion that it is impossible to teach literature and that it should be taken out of the school curriculum because it requires an act of creativity different from all the other subjects taught at school. But he proceeds from a rather squalid aesthetic, and all his weak spots become obvious when we analyze his basic position, Read, enjoy, but can we force people to enjoy? Of course, if to read means to enjoy, then literature cannot be taught and has no place in the schools (although soul once said that the art of enjoyment could also he taught).A school that eliminates lessons in literature is bound to be a bad school. At the present time, explanatory reading has as its main purpose the explanation of the content of what is being rea d. Under such a system, poetry as such is eliminated from the curriculum. For instance, the difference between a fable by Krylov and its rendition in prose is Completely lost. From the repudiation of such a position, Gershenzon comes to the conclusion Poetry cannot and must not be a compulsory subject of education it is time that it again become a guestfrom paradise on earth, loved by everyone, as was the case in ancient times. Then it will once again become the true teacher of the masses. The basic idea here is that poetry is a heavenly guest and it must be made to resume the role it played in ancient times. But Gershenzon does not concern himself with the fact that these ancient times are gone forever, and that nothing in our time plays the same role it played then. He ignores this fact because he believes that art is fundamentally different from all the other activities of man. For him, art is a kind of a mystical or spiritual act that cannot be recreated by studying the forces o f the. According to him, poetry cannot be studied scientifically. One of the greatest mistakes of contemporary culture, he says, application of a scientific or, more precisely, a naturalistic method to the study of poetry.Thus, what contemporary scholars consider to be the only possible way of solving the riddle of art is for Gershenzon the supreme mistake of contemporary culture. Future studies and investigations are likely to show that the i creating a work of art is not a mystical or divine act of our soul, I real an act as all the other movements of our body, only much complex. We have sight in the course of our study that a creative act that cannot be recreated by means of purely conscious operations. But, by establishing that the most important elements in art are subconscious or creative, do we automatically eliminate any and all conscious moments and forces? The act of artistic creation cannot be taught. This does not mean, however, that the educator cannot cooper ate in fo rming it or bringing it about. We penetrate the subconscious through the conscious. We can organize the conscious processes in such a way that they generate subconscious processes, and everyone knows that an act of art includes, as a necessary condition, all preceding acts of rational cognizance, understanding, recognition, association, and so forth. It is wrong to assume that the later subconscious processes do not depend on the direction imparted by us to the conscious processes.By organizing our conscious, which leads us toward art, we insure a priori the success or failure of the work of art. Hence Molozhavy correctly states that the act of art is the process of our response to the phenomenon, although it may never have reached the stage of action. This process widens the scope of our personality, endows it with new possibilities, prepares for the completed response to the phenomenon, that is, behavior, and also has educationalvalue Potebnia is wrong to treat the artistic imag e as a condensation of thought. Both thought and image are a condensation either of the conscious with respect to the phenomenon involved or of the psyche, which issued from a series of positions preparatory to the present position. But this gives us no right to confuse these biological elements, these psychological processes, on the basis of the vague argument that both thought and artistic image are creative acts. On the contrary, we must emphasize all their individual peculiarities in order to understand each as a part of the whole. The tremendous strength that arouses emotions, inspires the will, fortifies energy, and pushes us to action lies in the concreteness of the artistic image which is in turn based upon the originality of the psychological path leading to it. These considerations need one substantial correction if we move from the field of general psychology into child psychology.When we determine the influence exerted by art, we must take into account the specific pecul iarities facing one who deals with children. Of course this is a separate field, a separate and independent study, because the domain of child art and the response of children to art is completely different from that of adults. However, we shall say a few brief words on the subject and trace a basic line along which child psychology intersects this field. There are remarkable phenomena in the art of children. First, there is the early presence of a special structure required by art, which points to the fact that for the child there exists a psychological kinship between art and play. First of all, says Biihler, is the fact that the child very early adopts the correct structure, which is alien to reality but required by the fairy tale, so that he can concentrate on the exploits of the heroes and follow the changing images. It seems to me that he loses this ability during some period of his development, but it returns to him in later years. Apparently art does not perform the same fu nction in a child as it does in an adult. The best example of this is a childs drawing which in many cases is on the borderline of artistic creativity.The child does not understand that the structure of a line can directly express the moods and trepidations of the heart and soul. The ability to render the expressions of people and animals in different positions and gestures develops very easily in a child, for various reasons. The principal one is the fundamental fact that a child draws patterns, not events or phenomena. Some claim the opposite, but theyseem to ignore the simple fact that a childs drawing is not yet art for the child. His art is unique and different from the art of adults, although the two have one very interesting characteristic in common. It is the most important trait in art and we shall mention it in conclusion. Only recently was it noticed that certain absurdities or amusing nonsense which can be found in nursery rhymes by inverting the most commonplace events play a tremendously important role in child art. Most frequently the required or in demand(p) absurdity is achieved in a nursery rhyme by assigning certain functions of object A to object B, and vice versa. The hermit asked me how many strawberries grow at the bottom of the ocean. I answered him As many as there are red herrings in the forest. To understand this nursery jingle the child must know the truth about life herrings exist only in the ocean, and strawberries only in the forest. He begins to look for the absurd only when he is absolutely sure of the facts.We, too, feel that the statement, that this aspect of child art comes very close to play, is true as a matter of fact, it gives us a good explanation of the role and the significance of art in a childs life. We still do not quite understand the connection which exists between nursery rhymes and childs play. When evaluating books for small children, critics frequently forget to apply the criterion of play. Most folk nurs ery rhymes do not issue from games but are play, a game in themselves a play of words, a play of rhythms, sounds these muddles always maintain some sort of ideal order. There is system in this folly. By dragging a child into a topsy-turvy world, we help his intellect work, because the child becomes interested in creating such a topsy-turvy world for himself in order to become more effectively the master of the laws governing the real world. These absurdities could be sober for a child if they screened out the real interrelationships between ideas and objects. Instead, they push them to the fore, and emphasize them. They enhance (rather than weaken) the childs perception of reality. Here, too, we observe the same phenomenon of the dualism of art. In order to perceive art, we must contemplate simultaneously the true situation of things and their deviation from this situation. We can also observe how an effect of art arises from such a irrelevant perception.Since absurdities are too ls for the child to use in understanding reality, it becomes suddenly clear why the extreme leftists in art criticism come up with a slogan art as a methodfor building life. They say that art is building life because reality is forged from the establishment and destruction of contradictions. When they tap the idea of art as the cognition of life and advance the idea of a dialectic perception of the world through matter, they reach agreement with the psychological laws of art. Art is an original, chiefly emotional dialectic approach to building life. Now we can envision the role of art in the future. It is hard to guess what forms this unknown region life of the future will take, and it is even harder to guess what place art will take in that future life. One thing is clear, however arising from reality and reaching toward it, art will be pertinacious by the basic order of the future flow of life. In the future, says Friche, the role of art is not likely to change substantially f rom its present role. Socialist society will not be the antithesis of capitalist society, but its organic continuation. If we regard art as an embellishment or ornament of life, such a viewpoint is admissible. However, it basically contradicts the psychological laws of art.Psychological investigation reveals that art is the supreme center of biological and social individual processes in society, that it is a method for finding an equilibrium between man and his world, in the most critical and important stages of his life. This view of course completely refutes the approach according to which art is an ornament, and thereby leads us to doubt the correctness of the above statement. Since the future has in store not only a rearrangement of mankind according to new principles, not only the organization of new social and economic processes, but also the remolding of man, there seems hardly any doubt that the role of art will also change. It is hard to imagine the role that art will play in this remolding of man. We do not know which existing but motionless forces in our organisms it will draw upon to form the new man. There is no question, however, that art will have a decisive voice in this process. Without new art there can be no new man. The possibilities of the future, for art as well as for life, are inscrutable and unpredictable. As Spinoza said, That of which the body is capable has not yet been determined.