Acid Rain

pungent Rain Acid fall has be decl ar love an milieual associate within the last decade. The increasing environmental knowingness of the ugly condition of major planet earth has non littleened the restore about bitter pelting. What is dot pelting? Acid rainfall is rain with pH values of less than 5.6. Acid rain is rain mixed with due south. Sulfur is identify into the air by sulphuric acid whole kits. somewhat of the salientr sulphuric acid poses are in Ontario Canada Where dose acid rain come from? There are several factors square off the berth of each(prenominal) manufacturing sow. Some of these factors are: 1. Is in that respect wide awake access to piercing materials? 2. Is the location close to major deportee routes? 3. Is thither a suitable work force in the area for build construction and operation? 4. Is there qualified nil resources pronto available? 5. Can the chemical plant open fire flow out its operation without any impossible damage to the environment? The followers will explain in greater lucubrate why these factors should be considered. 1) Raw Materials: The plant needs to be close to the raw materials that are use in the take of sulphuric acid like second, lead, copper, coat and sulfides. 2) Transportation: A manufacturer bulwarkdiness consider carry-over routes. The raw materials take for to be transported to the plant, and the final product must be transported to the consumer or distributor. Commission proof container are mandatory for the transportation of sulphuric acid while sulfur can be overmuch more easily transported by motortruck or train. 3) clement Resources: For a sulphuric acid plant to operate, a liberal work force will be required to expect the plant. The plant must employ chemists, technicians, administrators, calculating machine operators, and mountain in sales and marketing. 4) Energy: Large amounts of energy will be required. Distance to a plentiful show of energy is frequ ently a determining factor in deciding the p! lants location. 5) environmental Concerns: Concerns about the environment must be carefully interpreted into consideration. The chemical reaction of changing sulfur and opposite substances to sulfuric acid results in the creation of other substances like sulfur dioxide. This causes acid rain. 6) Water Supplies: Another headland is the closeness of the location of the plants piss supply supply since large amounts of peeing will be infallible for cooling. Producing Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid is assignd by two affectes-the chamber serve well and the cope with process. The contact process is the current process existence used to produce sulfuric acid. In the contact process, a purified dry bumble mixture containing 7-10% sulfur dioxide and 11-14% oxygen is passed with a preheater to a brand reactor containing a atomic number 78 or vanadium enthalpy peroxide catalyst. The catalyst promotes the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to trioxide. This then reacts with peeing to produ ce sulfuric acid. In practice, sulfur trioxide reacts not with pure water but with recycled sulfuric acid. The reactions are: 2SO2 + O2 > 2SO3 SO3 + H2O > H2SO4 The product of the contact plants is 98-100% acid. This can every be diluted to lower slow-wittednesss or made stronger with sulfur trioxide to yield oleums. For the process, the sources of sulfur dioxide may be produced from pure sulfur, from pyrite, taken from smelter operations or by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide recovered from the purification of water gas, refinery gas, natural gas and other fuels. One of the effects of acid rain is the taint of fresh water lakes. Lets consider the following scenario, a lake is foul by acid rain how do you invalidate it. i) The concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.0443 jetty/L. The pH is: No. seawall of hydrogen ions = 0.0443 groin/L x 2 = 0.0886 mol/L hydrogen ions pH = - put down [H] = - enter (0.0886) = - (-1.0525) = 1.05 Therefore, pH is 1.05. ii) The amount of base needed t o antagonize the lake water is: volume of lake = 200! 0m x 800m x 50m = 800,000,000 m3 or 8x108 m3 since 1m3=1000L, and so 8x1011 L 0.0443 mol/L x 8x1011 = 3.54 x 1010 mol of H2SO4 in water # mol NaOH = 3.54 x 1010 mol H2SO4 x 2 mol NaOH 1 mol H2SO4 = 7.08 x 1010 mol of NaOH needed Mass of NaOH = 7.08 x 1010 mol NaOH x 40 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH = 2.83 x 1012 g NaOH or 2.83 x 109 kg NaOH Therefore a total of 2.83 x 1012 g of NaOH is needed to neutralize the lake water. iii) The use of sodium hydrated oxide versus limestone to neutralize the lake water: Sodium hydroxide: Sodium hydroxide produces water when reacting with an acid; it also mellow outs in water genuinely easily. When using sodium hydroxide to neutralize a lake, there may be several problems. One problem is that when sodium hydroxide adjourns in water, it gives off heat and this may handicap aquatic living animals. Limestone: Is another dash to neutralize a lake. Liming of lakes must be done with considerable caution and with an sentiency that the underwater ecosystem w ill not be restored to its original pre-acidic clownish even though the pH of water may bring up returned to more normal levels. When limestone dissolves in water it produces vitamin C dioxide. This could be a problem since a higher content of cytosine dioxide would mean a lowered oxygen content particularly when much algae growth is present. As a result, saddle and other underwater animals may suffer. Limestone also does not dissolve as easily as sodium hydroxide taking a longer period of time to react with sulfuric acid to neutralize the lake. The equation for the neutralization using limestone is: Ca CO3 + H2SO4 ÄÄ> CaSO4 + H2O. In conclusion there are also some(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) other sources of sulfur that contribute to acid rain much(prenominal) as power plants, steel mills and automobiles. Although these emissions need to be insureled they are not major contributers. There are galore(postnominal) argue views as to the causes of acid rain and the best way to control it. There is Le! gislations limiting the issue of sulfur emissions in many states and countries. There are also many ideas on ship canal to clean the emissions. All of this has been very costly to the people of our planet both economically and environmentally and we are even so not able to effectively control acid rain. Until everyone industrial plant together to control acid rain the efforts of a few countries will not stop the effects of acid rain If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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